Congenital immunodeficiencies of animals: the immunogenetic and clinico-immunologic characteristics (review)

Immunodeficiencies reduce the functional activity of the immune system resulting in a disorder of the defensive mechanisms and increased incidents of different pathologies. A congenital immunodeficiency occurs because of genetically determined inability to control effective immune function. The congenital immunodeficiencies appear shortly after birth and are inherited mostly on the autosomal recessive type. Depending on the disorder extent and localization, the immunodeficiencies are classified as the defects of B-cells, the prevalent defects of T-cells, and a combined deficiency on the cell and humoral factors. In the review the classification, as well as clinical, immunological and immunogenetic characteristics of the congenital immunodeficiencies in different animal species are summarized with respect to diagnostics and correction. There are considered the combined immunodeficiency in Arabian and American horses due to absence of mature T- and B-lymphocytes; the selective IgM deficiency in the Arabian horses; the combines immunodeficiency in Duchshund dogs linked to X-chromosome; a combined immunodeficiency in mice С.В-17 of the BALB/c line; a combined immunodeficiency in Angus calves; the selective IgG 2 deficiency in Danish Red cattle; the inherited parakeratosis (Т-cell deficit) in Black-and-White Danish, Friesian and Holstein cattle; the Chediak-Higashi syndrome; bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD); the selective IgA deficiency in dogs; a transitory hypogammaglobulinemia in Pomeranian puppies; lethal acrodermatitis in Bull Terriers; Т-cell immunodeficiency in dwarf Weimaraner dogs; cyclic hematopoesis (silver collies syndrome, or cyclic neutropenia); the deficiency of neutrophyl bactericidal activity in Doberman-Pincher; the Реlger-Нuet anomalia; leukocyte adhesion deficiency (granulocytopathy syndrome) in Irish setters; autosomal recessive deficiency on the third component of complement in British spaniels. Diagnostics of immonodeficienсies is aimed to estimation of different parameters and regulatory mechanisms, responcible for maturation, differentiation and cooperation of Т-, В-lymphocytes, NK-cells, immunoglobulins and complement. For further development of clinical immunology and diagnostics of immunodeficiency, more data must be obtained to found out the integral parameters for healthy animals and those under different immunodeficiencies.