Political and Legal Characteristics of Law Enforcement Agencies

This article provides a comprehensive political and legal analysis of law enforcement agencies as the primary actors in law enforcement. It identifies conceptual challenges in understanding both law enforcement agencies and their functions. Using methods from legal political science and a broad array of sources, the author defines the essential political and socio-legal characteristics of law enforcement agencies. The implementation of law enforcement activities through state coercion should constitute the core responsibility of authorized state bodies, which are equipped with the necessary resources and tools. The law enforcement system may also include government institutions that directly execute functions and powers on behalf of law enforcement agencies. The legal objective of the law enforcement system is to uphold public order, while its practical goal is to ensure security in specific spheres of public life. Service in law enforcement is a distinct form of public service and is carried out on a professional basis. The identified features are synthesized in the author's definition of the term “law enforcement agencies”. The diversity of such agencies predetermines the specific nature of their political functions, shaped by their institutional position and role within the state apparatus and in line with official policy. The internal policy of each law enforcement agency is built on a strict organizational structure and hierarchy. Political orientations and ambitions of senior leadership play a crucial role - not only in shaping internal interactions among staff but also in determining the external goals and strategic positioning of operational and other personnel. The leadership of law enforcement agencies is obligated to align both internal and external operations with the documented political will of central government authorities. These agencies require a clear framework of priorities, objectives, and an appropriate ideological foundation for their activities. The essential role of law enforcement agencies in the political sphere is most evident in their efforts to counter global threats such as corruption, terrorism, and extremism.