Powder cellar Tobolsk XVII century on archaeological and historical materials

Purpose: Characteristics of the investigated archaeological structures, it includes graphic reconstruction, consideration of the available historical information and clarification of dating. In the course of archaeological research in 2001 and 2003 in two halls of the Palace Vicar Tobolsk identified remains of a hut in-depth continental clays, related to the number of powder cellars that were on the territory of the Tobolsk Kremlin in the XVII century. Powder cellar had a rather complex structure: consisting of the deep rectangular pit dug in the continent - yellow loam, which were admitted two log -external and internal. Cellar had subrectangular plan, its dimensions do not exceed 12 × 12 m. Presumably, the beams were connected to the blockhouse «oblo» (ends of the logs in the log house beyond the walls). Bottom of the pit was a wooden floor, built of planks, which were wooden pillars supporting the roof. The roof is a log roll, whose task was to support the weight of the earth. Top whole structure was covered with earth cellar so that everything looked like a small mound of earth. In the cellar led brick entrance arch design, delivered on laying the foundation. He is represented in the form of two parallel walls, bricks and mortar verstovym way lime mortar, lying at an angle to the surface. The width of the walls is 36-40 cm (half a brick). This is laying on the foundation from which survived three walls: the northern, southern and western. Laid the foundation of brick clay mortar. Width wider masonry foundation walls located at the entrance it is 45-50 cm. The northern and southern walls of the basement have a stepped surface in an easterly direction by reducing the rows of masonry bricks from the western to the eastern edge. Thus obtained stepped surface was lined with clay and put it on the masonry walls in the cellar entrance. Results: Originally descent into the cellar was made of wooden timbers. Later wooden descent was replaced by an earthen. During the construction of the cellar was destroyed part of the burial cemetery, located next to the wooden Church of the Ascension. Undoubtedly, had to go through a period of time when the cemetery was buried a considerable amount of buried, that the construction of the powder cellar required to use part of the town cemetery, so time should be considered building a cellar in the middle of the XVII century. Powder cellar ceased to function as a result of the construction of writ of Commerce in 1700-1704 years. During construction work 1780-1782 years halls of the first floor of the former writ of Commerce went into the borders of the Palace vicar. According to the results of archaeological research done by the alleged graphic reconstruction of the device and the appearance of the powder cellar. Brick entrance to the cellar after partial preservation exhibited today in the city museum in a specially designed room for him. Today it is the only example in the city of Tobolsk museification historical monuments identified as a result of archaeological research. Conclusion: Studies have shown that the investigated structure is the remains of one of the powder cellars middle of XVII - beginning of XVIII century.