Crimes motivated by hatred or enmity: current state and main approaches to prevention

The number of crimes committed on the grounds of hatred or enmity is constantly increasing, they acquire new criminological characteristics (they become more violent, are committed by a group of persons by prior agreement, and so on). In this connection, the existing preventive measures become ineffective. Therefore, it is important to develop effective measures to prevent them. This means that the identification of their current state and the main directions of prevention will contribute to this. In the article, the author shows a comprehensive (conceptual) approach to the current state and the main directions of preventing crimes committed on the grounds of hatred or enmity, which is expressed in the provisions of their criminological characteristics and prevention developed on its basis. As a result of the research, the author conducted a criminological analysis of crimes committed on the grounds of hatred or enmity (state, dynamics, structure, distribution by subjects of the Russian Federation) and identified the main directions of their prevention (economic, social, legal, spiritual). The conclusion is made and it is indicated that the growth of extremist crimes is carried out at a pace that outstrips the growth of all crime. Their growth rate for 2010-2021 was more than 60 %. However, the actual growth rates of these crimes significantly exceed the dynamics of their detection. The author also found that the proportion of extremist crimes in the total number of crimes committed in Russia averages 0.048 %. The necessity of reflecting as an independent group in the official criminal law statistics the number of detected crimes committed on the grounds of hatred or enmity and the development of effective measures to prevent them is substantiated.