Reasons for the modification of the foreign policy efforts of the Republic of Turkey towards Central Asian states in 1991-2022

The article analyzes the reasons behind the modification of the foreign policy efforts of the Republic of Turkey towards Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) from 1991 to 2022. During this period, Turkey’s efforts were modified due to several general factors: global historical events, shifts in international relations, the emergence or decline of new actors in international relations, the evolution of ideas within the state’s political framework, rapid scientific and technological advancement, increased accessibility to information, and the development of new methods of societal engagement. The analysis identifies specific reasons for these modifications: the diversification of Turkey’s foreign relations aimed at enhancing its geopolitical role in the world, the resurgence of Pan-Turkism in Turkey’s foreign policy, the variability and frequent changes in the ruling parties within the country, the absence of foreign policy invariants and constants in the execution of its foreign policy course, the political struggle between pro-Islamic parties and Kemalists, and the multi-vector nature of the country’s foreign policy from 1991 to 2022. The results obtained may assist Central Asian states in formulating strategies and tactics for their international relations with Turkey and other actors.