Using 3D scanning to study composite slotted tools from the early holocene of Eastern Siberia (the case of Kazachka-1 site)

The article demonstrates the potential applications of 3D scanning of composite slotted tools and the use of models as a basis for further scientific research. The scanning was carried out with high-precision equipment (Solutionix D700 scanner). The scanner provides high precision data acquisition of the geometry and surface of an artefact. As examples of archaeological artefacts we used composite slotted tools from the site of Kazachka-I. There were two bone tools from cultural layers 19 and 11. As a result of three-dimensional scanning application, a series of high-resolution scaled models was created. The series of cross-sections and metric measurements were made on the obtained models with the use of special software. Through analysis of cross-sectional shapes and comparison with experimental modelling data, conclusions on the basic process steps in slotted tools manufacture have been drawn. V-, U- and W-shaped cross-sections have been identified. Slots of bone tool from layer 19 has V- and U-shaped cross-sections. Slots of bone tool from layer 11 have U- and W-shaped cross-sections. The variety of cross-sectional shapes may indicate different techniques in the manufacture of the slots. The U-shaped cross-section may have been created by cutting the slot with a stone tool, the edge of which has been broken in the process. The W-shape may indicate that the direction of motion of the tool in this section was changed during operation. The V-shape was obtained by using a sharp tool throughout the slotting process. These conclusions are preliminary and need to be verified by a series of experiments and use-wear analysis.