Производство функциональных яиц. Сообщение I. Роль -3-полиненасыщенных жирных кислот

Автор: Кавтарашвили А.Ш., Стефанова И.Л., Свиткин В.С., Новоторов Е.Н.

Журнал: Сельскохозяйственная биология @agrobiology

Рубрика: Птицеводство: наука и технологии

Статья в выпуске: 2 т.52, 2017 года.

Бесплатный доступ

Один из самых распространенных функциональных пищевых продуктов - яйцо птицы, обогащенное различными нутриентами или их комплексами (N. Shapira, 2010). Высокая скорость и гибкость метаболизма липидов у птиц позволяет довольно быстро модифицировать состав желтка, изменяя рацион кур-несушек. Особый интерес диетологов вызывают продукты, богатые ω-3-полиненасыщенными жирными кислотами (ПНЖК), прежде всего α-линоленовой (АЛК, С18:3), эйкозапентаеновой (ЭПК, С20:5) и докозагексаеновой (ДГК, С22:6), которые необходимы для развития мозга, зрительной функции, профилактики сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и т.д. (A. Simopoulos, 2001), но дефицитны в рационах населения в большинстве стран, включая Россию. У птицы ω-3-ПНЖК из рациона через 1-2 нед устойчиво переходят в яйцо (C.O. Leskanich с соавт., 1997), но при повышении доли скармливаемых ω-3-ПНЖК возможны изменения метаболизма липидов с негативными последствиями: снижением содержания липидов в крови, повышением - в печени (вплоть до развития ее геморрагической ожиренности), их катаболизмом, уменьшением массы яиц и желтка (M.E. Van Elswyk, 1997). Кроме того, яйца, обогащенные ω-3-ПНЖК, часто имеют неприятный рыбный запах (F. Bubel с соавт., 2011). Один из источников ω-3-ПНЖК в рационах - рыбий жир маслянистых видов рыб. Он обеспечивает высокое обогащение яйца длинноцепочечными ПНЖК (прежде всего, ДГК), но их состав нестабилен, высокая степень ненасыщенности приводит к усиленному окислению, часто (даже при низких дозах) у продукта появляется рыбный запах, кроме того, есть проблемы с ценой, доступностью и экологичностью (I. Fraeye с соавт., 2012). Второй тип источников ω-3-ПНЖК - льняное семя, жмых или масло. При относительно невысоком содержании ДГК количество АЛК в них значительно (около 50 % от суммы жирных кислот), что повышает окислительную стабильность липидов желтка (в отличие от обогащения ЭПК или ДГК). Дозы 5-8 % для льняного семени или жмыха и 3 % - для масла практически не влияют на продуктивность несушек и качество яиц (E.M. Goldberg с соавт., 2013). В России из-за распространенности и низкой стоимости этих добавок их применение для обогащения яиц ω-3-ПНЖК, возможно, наиболее выгодно. Третья группа добавок - морские водоросли, но они доступны далеко не везде и пока недостаточно изучены, хотя обсуждается их потенциальная перспективность (J.H. Park с соавт., 2015). При повышении содержания ω-3-ПНЖК в кормах и продукции необходимо одновременное обогащение антиоксидантами, стабилизирующее липиды (Ch. Nimalaratne с соавт., 2015). В этом качестве наиболее изучен и, пожалуй, наиболее эффективен витамин Е. Имеющиеся данные относительно возможности получения и применения обогащенных ω-3-ПНЖК яиц зачастую противоречивы вследствие ограниченности сравниваемых показателей и сложности метаболизма липидов у птиц, поэтому необходимы углубленные исследования, а также создание международной базы первичных данных для их более эффективного анализа методами сравнительной статистики.

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Функциональные яйца, полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты омега-3, метаболизм липидов, льняное семя и масло, рыбий жир

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/142213789

IDR: 142213789   |   DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2017.2.349rus

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