Regulating foreign trade through tariff methods

Uchkun Rashidov is a Master's student at Tashkent State University of Economics Muzaffar Khidirov is a Master's student at Tashkent State University of Economics Key words: WTO, tariff, export duties, customs rates, tariff and nontariff methods,                            foreign                            trade.

Annotation: This article contains tariff plans, which are the basis of trade partnerships between the countries of the world, as well as a number of proposals to help determine the WTO and how to join this organization, as well as promising directions                            for                            Uzbekistan.

The acceleration of the integration process between the countries of the world is reflected in the proliferation of economic blocs pursuing mutually beneficial economic   interests, the steady growth of international   trade in goods and services, the liberalization of international capital movements in the form of currency, credit and investment and trans- nationalization is being thrown away. While these processes serve to strengthen economic cooperation between countries and address socio-economic problems such as investment, employment, infrastructure in the real sector, which need to be addressed in the country, to prevent a number of risks through integration processes and to address these issues. Maintaining the relationship remains one of the world's most pressing concerns.

In particular, a common market, a unified customs territory, which is widely used in initiatives such as the free trade zone and economic integration is one of the forms it considered all aspects of the positive and negative effects arising from the introduction of the pros and submitted a Initiatives, The Integration Initiatives Support In this case, the issue of protection of the national economy arises. In such cases, the international practice, often through a revision of the customs tariff policy to ensure the competitiveness of the market, industry sectors to international competition through the production and employment indicators, measures to be maintained at a stable supply influenza.

Foreign trade tariff regulation via the market supply and demand, price and consumption not only an effective means of stimulating the national economy, the protection of the external dangers, but for the integration of the world economy and the economic development of a safe and healthy Set create a healthy competitive environment or service.

It should be noted that the policy of economic liberalization pursued in the Republic in recent years has laid the foundation for a number of positive changes in foreign trade. In particular, when currency liberalization was initially implemented, centralized export-import activities were soon abolished, export duties were abolished, and customs procedures were simplified. However, it is safe to say that the biggest step in foreign trade was the resumption of negotiations on accession to the World Trade Organization. In turn, this initiative is consistent tariff policy, the national economy, the elements of unfair competition, protection of trade disputes and the effective elimination of national measures aimed at removing barriers to our products in foreign markets as well.

The process of organization to coordinate and accelerate the image in order to view the presence of the government to work with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Commission, as well as the structure of the Ministry of Investment and Foreign Trade of the Republic of Uzbekistan coordination of cooperation with the World Trade Organization (WTO) , which exert Movement signed a memorandum of membership at the same time the most difficult and important process - concessions tariff for goods and services and agreements on the construction . In addition to qualified experts from this organization, technical assistance was provided by the United Nations Development Program, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ) giving is coming.

Defender tariff and non-tariff regulation of trade with the receipt of a number of current issues relevant to the country to find its place in the global economy, with a certain level of effective management of the national economy is one of the levers that. In particular, the process of accession to the World Trade Organization requires significant work on the optimization of tariff and non-tariff methods, as well as complex decisions. Because tariff and non-tariff measures directly affect the market balance, consumer prices, purchasing power, the stability of sectors of the economy and the well-being of the population. In addition, export and import tariffs also affect the above sectors.

In compared, arithmetic average of the rates of customs in China, 9.8 percent, 10.9 percent, 13.7 percent in Korea, India, Turkey, Uzbekistan, along with 13.8 percent of the current rate of 5.6 percent. Or exceeded the context of Korea's imports of fresh fruits and vegetables at 45 percent, 80 percent for flour in Turkey customs duty is levied.

CIS import duty import of goods produced in the country, which in turn reduced rate of value added tax report was to provide goods prices fell an average of 5%.

In the world practice, according to the classification of customs rates, customs duties up to 10% are recognized as open rates for foreign trade operations, while rates over 25% fall into the category of restrictive and protectionist customs rates. It should be noted that about 73% of customs rates are "open".

Table1.

№	Countries	2019	2020
1	China	5 108 , 6	4 501 , 3
2	Russia	4 137 , 7	4 170 , 6
3	Kazakhstan	1 942 , 0	2 115 , 5
4	South Korea	2 664 , 8	2 096 , 8
5	Turkey	1 326 , 4	1 085 , 4

6	Germany	927 , 5	758 , 5
7	Czech Republic	166 , 2	500 , 1
8	Lithia	445 , 0	472 , 5
9	India	330 , 6	423 , 0
1 0	Turkmenistan	410 , 1	399 , 1

The main imports of the Republic of Uzbekistan are from the above countries (Table 1). In order to maintain and develop cooperation with them, Uzbekistan is taking measures to further improve tariff methods. Our Republic in the structure of imports of the following products leader

Table 2.
№	Countries	201 9 y	20 20 y
1	A tool , mechanisms, equipment and their parts	7 530 , 4	6 587 , 4
2	Vehicles and spare parts	2 621 , 3	1 975 , 6
3	Ferrous metals and products made from other	2 213 , 9	1 744 , 3
4	Services	2 425 , 9	1 216 , 4
5	Medicines and medical supplies	926 , 8	1 152 , 9
6	Oil, gas, electricity and products derived from them	940 , 6	1 093 , 8
7	Plastic and articles thereof	811 , 7	705 , 1
8	Cereals and grain products	411 , 3	592 , 4
9	Wood and wood products	611 , 9	566 , 8
1 0	Furniture	549 , 5	374 , 2

Republic Investment and Foreign Trade under the Ministry of tariff and non-tariff regulation, signed the decision on the work of the Council, it includes the following tasks:

• •    b study of international experience in the establishment of rates of customs duties and the application of notarial regulatory measures in foreign trade and the development of proposals;

• •    In the development of proposals for further improvement of the system of tariff and non-tariff regulation, as well as the formation of proposals for changes and additions to the existing system of benefits for customs duties, based on the situation in domestic and foreign markets to participate;

• •    Preparation of proposals to improve the Commodity nomenclature and rules of classification of goods of foreign economic activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan;

Now some in the WTO tariff changes about the word slip, for example, the results of the Uruguay round of the biggest 22.500 pages of the categories of goods and services from some of the obligations . This includes the obligation to reduce and “bind” customs duty rates on imported goods. In some cases, tariffs are reduced to zero. There has also been a significant increase in the number of “linked” tariffs - tariff rates, which are accepted in the WTO and are difficult to raise.

Tariffs give a price advantage to domestically produced goods over similar goods imported, and they increase revenues for governments. One of the outcomes of the Uruguay Round was the commitment of countries to lower tariffs and to connect them to levels where it would be difficult to raise tariff rates. The current negotiations on the Doha agenda will continue efforts to enter agriculture and non-agricultural markets .[1] ,

Who benefits from tariffs?

The advantages of tariffs are not equal. Since the tariff is a tax, the government sees an increase in revenue as imports enter the domestic market. Local industrial enterprises will also benefit from declining competition as import prices continue to rise artificially.

Unfortunately, for consumers - both individual consumers and businesses -a rise in import prices means an increase in prices for goods. If the price of steel is increased due to tariffs, individual consumers will pay more for products that use steel, and businesses will pay more for the steel they use in the production of goods. In summary, tariffs and trade barriers tend to be pro-productive and anticonsumer.

The impact of tariffs and trade barriers on businesses, consumers and the government will change over time. In the short term, rising commodity prices may reduce consumption by individual consumers and businesses. During this period, some businesses will benefit and the government will see an increase in revenue from taxes.

In the long run, these enterprises may experience a decrease in efficiency due to a lack of competition, as well as a decrease in profits due to the emergence of products that will replace their products.

In conclusion, we can say that WTO membership, first of all, eliminates monopolistic governance, creates an environment of free competition and leads to the expansion of trade channels between states. Such a bold step will undoubtedly play an important role in the future of our country. It should also keep in mind that the exporting country, but not paid by domestic consumers, but they increase the price of imported goods relative effect. Although tariffs can benefit from a number of local industries in the global market, although economists as a policy ideal of free trade, this current to achieve a positive solution of the issues of national development and achieve higher levels of wellbeing, a new approach h as well as we believe that views will be determined.