Relations between indicators of basic motor abilities and results of goal throwing accuracy tests in handball

Passing and shooting accuracy in handball is manifested as hitting with the ball either the static or the moving "target" from either the standing position or from moving. Shooting accuracy is a result of a throw properly directed not only from the aspect of a goal, but also of a goalkeeper. The precondition for a player's technical-tactical outwitting a goalkeeper is the well-developed basic shooting accuracy which is a compound of the well correlated space-time coordination, perception and anticipation, as well as of inter- and intramuscular coordination determined by a particular motor performance programme of the movement pattern in question.

Handballers of various ages and variable training and playing experience apply these two strategies in numerous combinations. Changes in current play dynamics, induced by the changes of the rules of the game as well as of approaches to play, impose that both components of a quality goal throwing must be well performed, i.e. a shot at the goal should be powerfull and precise at the same time.

• 2.    AIM OF THE RESEARCH

  The aim of the research is to determine the relations between certain basic motor abilities and one specific motor ability defined as goal throwing accuracy on the sample of younger cadet handball players, members of the Handball Club Zagreb Badel 1862.

• 3.    RESEARCH METHODS

  • 3.1.    Sample of subjects

    The sample of subjects consisted of 14 male handball players, younger cadets of the HC «Zagreb Badel 1862», aged 12 and 13 years. The subjects were all healthy, with no morphological, pathological or any other impairment of their locomotor system.

• 3.2    Sample of variables

Basic motor abilities were tested by the measuring instruments presented in the table 1.

Table 1

The group of predictor variables aimed at assessing motor abilities

		VARIABLE	NAME         I	INTENTIONAL MEASUREMENT OBJECT
	1	MACKUS {	Side steps                               j	Agility
	т	MFEBML :	Medicine ball throwing from supine	Power of a throwing type                ■
I		MFESDM ;	Standing broad jump                !	Power of a horizontal jumping ability ;
	4	SARGENT |	Sargeant (one-legged jump from a    1	Power of a vertical jumping ability type |
	5	MFE2OV ]	20m sprint from high start            1	Power of a sprinting type                 I
	6	MTRB30	Sit-ups	Strength endurance                       :
	7 ■	MFLPRR i ___________________________________________- .......i	Straddle seated forward bent	Flexibility

The situation-related motor ability was tested by the variable: SRP7ST - standing 7m throwing at the goal (situational accuracy).

(multiple R2=0.87). The 13% of the throwing accuracy variability not explained can be attributed to the influence of quantitatively not defined factors.

The partial indicators of the regression analysis

Table 2

Descriptive statistics of the variables assessing motor abilities

	N	MEAN il Min j	Max >	Std.Dev.	Skewness :	Kurtosis
MAGKUS MFEBML	14     ‘ 14 J	6.24 ll ...... 5.31 | _________35.55 i 21.67 i	7.34 52.33 "	0.54 ; 8.94	.......................0.02...........j ........... 0.42 ...........J	........... 0 . 05 | -0.55
MFESDM : MFESVM MFE20V	14     1 .......... 14 14	..........190.24   ! 163.33 43.24 l| 28 I 3.51 H 3.11 1	213.33 " ~55 . УА	1 5.97 7.66 0.21	-0.11....._.......i .......................0.36................j _.......	~ ........-1.32..........; - 0 . 29 .....j ...............0.33
MRCTRB	14 i	30.98       23	37-33	_ 4.29	.............. -0.49 ..... 1	_______ - 0.3 2 1
MFLPRR	......14..... J	, ~ 58 j 43.33	68-67	-7-34	_......~ -0.37 ...... J	..........-0. 37 i
SRP7ST j	14 I	0,43 ;     0,14	0.6 i	0,13	-0,82 j	0,20 I

Table 3

Multivarijate regression indicators of the influence of the predictor variables on the performance criterion defined as the standing 7m throwing accuracy

............... ......... CRIT ERION .......................I	SRP7ST
MULTIPLER ____________ |	0 , 93 _______:
MULTIPLIER2     _	_ 0,87 .....J
F (7 , 6) .......    .................................... .........	5, 72 ........•■
P...................................._...................._ ....................	. <0.025 ........
ST D. ERR. OF ESTIMATE .	0 ,53

• 3.3.    Data processing methods

• 4.    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Descriptive statistics was used to compute the parameters of central tendecy and dispersion parameters of the predictor variables (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum). Regression analysis was used to determine correlations between indicators of basic motor abilities and one specific motor ability, defined as accuracy of throwing at the goal.

The results obtained by the measurement of basic motor abilities are presented in Table 2. The scores achieved are average in terms of the model characteristics of their peer handball players, but they are above average in terms of the mean values of the peer school population in the Republic of Croatia.

The relationship of the predictor variables with the criterion (table 3) are described by the coefficient of multiple correlation the value of which was 0.93. It was statistically significant at the level of p=0,03 as tested by the F-distribution for the degrees of freedom of dfl=7 and df2=6. The common variability of the predictor and criterion variables was about 87% performed (Table 4) indicate the following: with high feasibility it can be claimed that the variables medicine ball throw from supine lying (MFEBML; p=0,01, BETA=-0,75 ), 20m sprint from high start (MFE20V; p=0,03, BETA=-0,68) and straddle seated forward bent (MFLPRR; p=0,01, BETA=-0,65) have statistically strong negative influence on the results in the criterion variable, defined as the standing 7m throwing accuracy. The rest of the predictor variables have no influence on the criterion variable SRP7ST.

According to the partial regression indicators in which explosive throwing power has the greatest negative projections on throwing accuracy, it can be said that the observed players were not experienced enough to select the optimal technique for the

Dinko Vuleta, Dragan Milanovic, Igor Gruid, IgorJukic, Zoran Pasic performance of the task, defined by the criterion variable. The throws were performed either by applying maximal release force or with less force but with poorer technique. These facts are responsible on

Relations between indicators of basic motor abilities and results of goal throwing accuracy tests in handball

restricts the range of motion, is a limiting factor of flexibility of arms and shoulders. On the other hand, it enables high and well-oriented manifestation of force, thus indirectly improving accuracy of throwing as well.

Table 4

The partial regression coefficients of the influence of the predictor variables on the performance criterion defined as the standing 7m throwing accuracy

j .................■■"■...........'1 BETA : Std.error : of BETA j В ■ Std.error i ofB | t(6) 1 p-level , Intercpt I 0 °’14 1 ...... 0 i 1 ; _ MAGKUS j 0,03 0,20 ' 0,03 0,20 ! 0,15 0,89 : MFEBML j . -°’75 0,20 -0,75 0,20 _    -3,77..... ........p,01*^: MFESDM ! 0,53 0,23 j 0,53 j 0,23 .....2,29 0,06 MFESVM 0,59 0,26 | 0,59 0,26 j 2,28 | 0,06 ■ MFE20V -0,68 0,24 I -0,68 0,24 : -2,82 0,03* : MRCTRB -0,23 _0,16_ j -0,23 0,16 i -ys 0,22 ! MFLPRR j -0.65 0,18 : -0,65 i 0,18 i -3,55 o,oi**; ....... -..-л generalfor the negative correlation of the variables, with probable exception of a few cases of low strength fitness of arms and shoulders.

The projections of the results of the influence of power of a sprinting type on throwing accuracy can be interpreted in accord with the above-mentioned findings related to the maximal manifestation of forces during motor task performance. The players with the inborn high levels of all types of strength/power who can exert maximally during a task will probably decide to perform the accurate throwing test with 100 % of effort performed not only with the arm and shoulder muscles, but also by engaging all body regions and all reserves of their locomotor system.

Exceptionally pronounced flexibility of certain regions of the locomotor system, induced by insufficient muscle strength, may be a limiting factor of high quality performance. And vice versa, insufficiently developed flexibility of certain locomotor system regions is an injury risk factor for soft tissues and joint systems alike. In that sense, the statistically significant negative correlations between flexibility of the lower trunk and throwing accuracy may be explained only if the applied flexibility test MFLPRR (streddle seated forward bent) is presumably regarded in this investigation as good in describing general flexibility of the locomotor system, flexibility of arms and shoulders included. Large range of movement with lower muscle recruitment demands more sophisticated intermuscular and intramuscular coordination, which precondition could have hardly been met by handball players of a younger cadet age, primarily because of a smaller number of shooting repetitions. In handball, muscle mass, which

• 5.    CONCLUSION

Top performance under situation-related conditions demands optimal relationships and development of all functional (cardiorespiratory and energy capacities) and motor abilities and technical-tactical skills and knowledge of handballers in the function of their moving with and without the ball both in the actions on defence and attack. Accuracy of throwing at the goal is an ability to realize cumulative attacking engagement of the whole team in score-open situations, which is the last controlled action on the attack.

The main conclusion of the research is: teaching and training programmes should simultaneously develop all motor abilities and continuously apply operators (training contents) in which aiming and hitting of targets of various sizes and forms is performed both from standing positions and while moving. The conclusion is corroborated by the fact that different age categories use the balls of different dimensions (circumference and weight of the ball) -for the age category 8-12 years 50-52 cm and 290330 g (IHF-ball No. 1), 12-16 years 54-56 cm and 325-375 g (IHF-ball No. 2), whereas for the handball players over 16 years the ball dimensions are: 58-60 cm and 425-475 g (IHF-ball No. 3).