Judgment, court order, and court ruling in civil proceedings

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal nature of a court judgment as the main procedural act in civil litigation. The structural elements of a court judgment are examined, including the introductory, descriptive, motivational, and operative parts, as well as the procedural aspects of its issuance. Special attention is given to the requirements of legality and validity of judicial acts, and the mechanism of their appeal as a key procedural guarantee for protecting the rights of participants in civil legal relations. The author analyzes the regulatory framework and current judicial practice, identifying features of the formation and implementation of court judgments in modern conditions. The article also reveals the significance of the confidentiality of the deliberation room and the public announcement of the court judgment as important elements of the administration of justice.