Residual stones after PNL: problems of diagnosis and treatments (literature review)

Relevance: Modern minimally invasive methods of treatment of nephrolithiasis can improve the effectiveness of treatment with a significant reduction in the trauma of surgical interventions and the frequency of complications. Currently, the "gold standard " treatment of large (more than 2 cm) kidney stones is percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). One of the key criteria for evaluating the effectiveness is "SFR" (Stone Free Rate - the frequency of complete release of the kidney from stones). Previously, it was believed that residual stones less than 4 mm are clinically insignificant, however, according to modern studies, residual stones of any size should be regarded as potentially clinically significant. Objective: to analyze the effectiveness of methods for predicting the abandonment of residual stones after PCNL, the informativeness of various methods of intra - and postoperative diagnosis, as well as the effectiveness of methods of treatment of residual stones. Materials and methods: literature was searched in two databases: PUBMED and Google Scholar...