The Role of Social Inequality in the Systemic Crisis of Power in Afghanistan (1919–2021)

The article reveals the role of social inequality in the systemic crisis of power in Afghanistan in the historical context of the time period of 1919–2021. The results of the study show that ethnic groups of Afghans play a key role in the crisis of power through interethnic conflicts that exacerbate internal confrontation, form alliances and contribute to the struggle for control of the state, which leads to social instability and civil wars. The opposing classes, castes, estates, ethnic groups and other social units of Afghanistan act as conflict groups pursuing their own interests and challenging the existing distribution of power, political, economic, spiritual, social opportunities, resources and material benefits in the country. The dominant role of religion and clergy in the social, economic, political and cultural life of Afghan society rests on the ethno-confessional contradictions of religious norms and laws of ethnic minorities of the Central Asian (Turkic-Tajik) enclave and the titular nation of the South Asian (Pashtun) enclave, which determine the norms of political and social behavior of entire ethnic groups and social strata. Addressing the problem of social inequality is essential for achieving stable functioning, development, and prosperity in Afghanistan.