“Scientific and industrial cooperation” concept

According to the «Concept of Technological Development until 2030» [1], adopted by the RF Government in May 2023, Russia has set a course to achieve technological sovereignty and innovative development. The country’s technological development management should be based on science and production cooperation, while it is assumed that the state will create favorable conditions for improving such interaction according to this concept. To identify and study the cooperative relations development problems, first of all, it is necessary to study the «scientific and industrial cooperation» concept essence, which determines this study relevance.

Currently, the studying problems research, as well as forms and methods of scientific and industrial cooperation development is being conducted very actively. However, there are very few publications where the concept essence under discussion, is studied.

Thus, Simachev Yu.V. participates in research projects on the tools analysis for the stimulating innovation and the scientific and industrial cooperation develop- ment, on the long-term socio-economic and innovative development strategy of Russia. They work together with Kuzyk, M.G. on the effectiveness evaluating issues of scientific and industrial cooperation and its impact on the enterprises activities. They study contradictions and problems between the cooperation participants, as well as the state policy impact on the cooperation effectiveness. The research results indicate that the scientific and industrial cooperation impact potential on the enterprises development is currently not used enough in Russia. Simachev Yu.V. and Kuzyk M.G. highlight the key problem of establishing effective communications. This is «cultural incompatibility», particularly, differences in values, goals and motivation for establishing communications between participants [2].

The authors identify the following problems that require solutions today:

• •    stable cooperative ties with science are typical for large companies in Russia, especiallyfor "age-related" companies established in the USSR, which managed to maintain the ties established 35-40 years ago. There is a lot of unused potential in the small and medium-sized businesses segment. But such enterprises, as a rule, have low innovative activity plus scientific organizations are not interested in the small-scale studies implementation this business segment can offer. The state is still in search of large-scale effective measures to establish successful interactions in this area;

• •    weak susceptibility of Russian companies to in novation, which is based on weak firms motivation to develop: they are either satisfied with the current state of affairs, or they are afraid to expand so as not to attract the attention of the state and competitors;

• •    poor awareness of business and scientific organi zations about each other, existing problems which can open up opportunities for cooperation.

However, V.A. Krivoshei conducts research exclusively in the agro–industrial complex and the goal is to ensure the country's food security. The author does not extrapolate to other industries and does not consider the scientific and industrial cooperation relationship with the country innovative development.

•    inefficient spending on innovation; •    low interest of industrial enterprises in the scientific research results; •    weak focus of scientific research to the market needs andinsignificant realization of the human resources potential in scientific organizations.

All these factors, according to the author, require closer long-term scientific and technical cooperation, which is impossible without the state support [5].

Dezhina I.G. and Ponomarev A.K. consider technological independence to be the basis of technological sovereignty. Private and mixed technology companies operating in close cooperation with universities, small innovative enterprises and scientific organizations are needed to stimulate their own technologies development. Such consortia should be supported by the state with the subsequent involvement of investors.

R.V. Kashbraziev focuses his research on international industrial cooperation, concluding that the high-tech goods production is possible only at the manufacturing and scientific companies interstate networks. At the same time, the author defines the main problem of integration into international communication chains: the technical level increase in the economy and the innovations development rises dependence on foreign partners, leading to a weakening of the country's economic security. The problem solution is possible with the effective development of the national innovation system [8].

Shamaeva N.P. studies the industrial and scientific-industrial cooperation relationship with the economic growth of the country. She thinks scientific and industrial cooperation is one of the most effective forms of combining the efforts of separate organizations. The flexibility of this type of communication allows you to increase competitive advantages and gain additional profit. The author suggests to develop technological platforms, as a creating favorable conditions tool, that should become a communication platform for considering technological development significant issues, for identifying and jointly choosing development priority areas and research topics for strengthening cooperative ties. Technological platforms, according to N.P. Shamayeva, should contribute to the efforts of business, science and the state, which will lead to the high-quality and promising innovation proposals influx. [9; 10].

Recent years dissertation researches have highlighted cooperation in the construction, machine-building and processing complexes of various regions and have considered the problems of regional industrial cooperation, innovative cooperation management of industrial clusters subjects.

Maznitsa E.M. conducted research on the industrial cooperation of the construction complex [11]. In his works, the author describes the types and forms of relationships between business entities and justifies the expediency of implementing effective forms of industrial cooperation in the construction complex. The researcher pays special attention to the issues of interaction between small and large enterprises, proves the importance of forming cooperative industrial relations to increase the small enterprises sustainability in the regional industry market formation and development conditions. He proposes the selecting options method for enterprises industrial cooperation in the construction complex.

However, in her works, Maznitsa E.M. focuses on the small enterprises functioning sphere of the complex and increasing their sustainability. Industrial cooperation is considered only as aform of interaction between companies, and the issue of possible interaction with scientific organizations and universities is not touched upon.

A.O. Skopin studies the problems of regional industrial cooperation and cluster projects [12]. The research was conducted on the timber industry complex basis of the Kirov region. He developed methodological recommendations for the industrial cooperation development between small, medium and large enterprises. The main factors hindering the industrial cooperation development have been identified. A production cluster model in the region, based on the economic entities interaction in the innovative industry projects implementation in market conditions, is proposed.

However, A.O. Skopin emphasis the interconnection study of industrial enterprises within the regional industrial cluster framework, as well as the economic justification for the choice of innovative projects in the cluster. Theissues of the possibleinteraction with various scientific organizations and universities, as well as the interaction effectiveness assessment, are not given due attention in the works of A.O. Skopin.

Trapeznikov V.A.'s research concerns the industrial cooperation development in the regional machinebuilding complex (Middle Urals) [13]. The author has developed the classification of types in industrial cooperation and the industrial cooperation development program in the machine-building complex of the region, he also systematized evaluation indicators for the cooperation effectiveness, and proposed a methodology for the effectiveness analysis of theProgram implementationfor the industrial cooperation development.

However, Trapeznikov V.A. hardly consider the industrial enterprises communication sphere with scientific organizations and universities in his current and previous works. The development program, evaluation indicators for the cooperation effectiveness, etc. are presented onlywithin theinteractionframework only within the industrial enterprises.

Karpichev E.V. studied the innovative cooperation management mechanisms industrial clusters subjects [14]. He described the development trends in the industrial clusters, assessed the cooperation level in national clusters, proposed a cooperation scheme for industrial cluster subjects, and for innovative cooperation managing mechanisms of industrial clusters subjects.

However, Karpichev E.V. considers cooperation precisely within the framework of the cluster model. In addition, this study does not consider the effectiveness evaluation of various forms of cooperation.

One of the latest studies is the work of Vlasova V.V., which examines scientific and industrial cooperation as a factor in the innovative potential development of Russian manufacturing enterprises [15]. Scientific and industrial cooperation is considered as the institutional interaction of enterprises with scientific organizations and/or universities in order to create innovations. The author has studied the variety of cooperative strategies and enterprises networking, the factors determining the companies involvement in organizations interaction with the research and development sector.

VlasovaV.V. in her research mainlyfocuses on studying the specifics of cooperation in the manufacturing industry and does not pay due attention to extrapolation to other industries; does not consider the scientific and industrial cooperation relationship with innovative development and economic security of the Russian Federation.

Despite numerous studies in this area, many issues remain not fully understood. In many studies, cooperation is considered only as the industrial enterprises interaction with each other, and the issues of establishing systematic interaction with scientific organizations and universities are not reviewed, the scientific and industrial cooperation development conditions are not determined, the factors preventing the effective cooperative relations establishment between economic entities are not investigated. Research is often conducted within the single industry framework without the problem extrapolation to other types of economic activity.

The definitions currently available either describe cooperation as any cooperation without specifying the goals, or define the goals rather vaguely ("increasing overall efficiency", "maximizing synergetic effects").

The refined definition of this category is proposed as a result of the existing approaches analysis to the scientific and industrial cooperation essence.

Scientific and industrial cooperation is a formalized long-term mutually beneficial cooperation between industrial enterprises, scientific organizations and universities, built within the framework of the national innovation ecosystem and aimed at strengthening technological sovereignty and innovative development of the country.

A distinctive feature of the proposed definition is, firstly, the clear goal indication of scientific and industrial cooperation, namely, the innovations creation and the strengthening of technological sovereignty. Secondly, scientific and industrial cooperation should be built into a single network within the national innovation ecosystem framework. Ecosystem principles will contribute to all cooperation participants development.

This definition also emphasizes the fact that the relations between the cooperation participants must be documented, for example, through a cooperation agreement. The formalization of contractual relations imposes additional responsibility on the participants, as well as performs a controlling and stimulating function.

The study of the scientific and industrial cooperation concept is both theoretical and applied. The conducted research helps to reveal this concept essence, and also shows the close relationship of scientific and industrial cooperation with the country innovative development. To identify and study the problems of developing cooperative relations between scientific organizations, industrial enterprises and the state, additional analysis, which will be carried out at further stages of the study, is necessary.

The results of the work can be useful to researchers studying the issues of interaction between science, business and the state.