Semantics and functionality of the pattern “preposition c3 + a noun in the instrumental case” of the subject subcategory

The semantics and functionality of the pattern “preposition c3 + a noun in the instrumental case” of the subject subcategory have been studied. We note its productivity related to the specificity of the syncretic meaning having a complex semantic structure and, therefore, capable of reflecting deeper relations, embracing a larger range of syntactic relations. The author analyzes the meanings of this pattern, which are combined into four groups: the participation of the object in a reciprocal (response) action with the subject; carrying out an action by the subject and object together; the state or attitude that the object experiences from the subject; the identity of the object and subject in terms of semantics. The meaning of the noun in the pattern “preposition c3 + a noun in the instrumental case” has been described, as well as of the verbs used with this pattern. The author carries out the analysis and exemplifies the theoretical concepts by samples from fiction, scholarly literature, and journalism obtained using the continuous sampling method.