Systemic Effects of Hypothyroidism on the Human Body

Hypothyroidism ranks among the leading endocrine disorders and exerts a systemic influence on nearly all organs and tissues. Thyroid hormone deficiency is accompanied by suppressed metabolic processes, impaired energy exchange, decreased enzymatic activity, and altered hemodynamics. Clinical manifestations are highly variable, ranging from neurological and psychoemotional disorders to dysfunctions of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. The nonspecific nature of symptoms often complicates early diagnosis and leads to delayed detection, increasing the risk of complications. Key pathogenetic mechanisms include mucinous edema formation, dyslipidemia, and disturbances in neuroendocrine and immune regulation. This review emphasizes the systemic effects of hypothyroidism and highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to its diagnosis and management.