Modern possibilities and prospects of mesenchymal stem cells in orthopedic dentistry (literature review)

The review article presents the results of an analysis of modern literature sources dedicated to the isolation and application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in prosthetic dentistry. The article discusses the main types of dental MSCs — dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP), and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) — focusing on their origin, molecular and biological characteristics, differentiation potential, and possible applications in tissue engineering. The data on the secretory activity of MSCs, their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties are summarized. The high potential of dental MSCs in the reconstruction of hard and soft oral tissues, including in cases of edentulism, is emphasized, highlighting their role as an alternative or adjunct to conventional treatment methods.