State protection and restoration of cultural heritage objects: experience and prospects of collaboration between Russia and Norway

The article highlights the history of the cooperation between Russia and Norway for the conservation of cultural heritage by the example of the method of lifting the restoration of a num--‐ ber of monuments located in Kenozersky National Park in the Arkhangelsk region, the experience of Norway to study, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage sites located in similar circumstances in the archipelago of Svalbard (Spitsbergen). Russia and Norway share similar cul--‐ tural heritage, especially in the field of wooden architecture, which served as the basis for the co--‐ operation in this field since 1995.

Norway concept of the preserving objects of the cultural heritage

This collaboration began with a trip to the representative of Norway --‐ chairman of the wooden architecture of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Niels Marsteyna in the Russian hinterland --‐ in the villages located in the Arkhangelsk region. It was there, in the national park "Kenozersky" and subsequently implemented the majority of interna--‐ tional projects aimed at the preservation of the cultural heritage. Norwegian interest to cooperate came after the Norwegian scientific expedition to the cultural heritage of the Arkhangelsk region, found a large similarity traditions of the Russian North and Norway. Surprising was the fact that the lost way of carpentry, is used in the traditional medieval architecture in Norway, actively prac--‐ ticed in the Russian construction industry.

The revival of the ancient skills of working with wood has allowed the Norwegian side to restore the home wooden buildings erected before 1536, to a state that requires further only con--‐ stant care and monitoring his condition.

This is the Norwegian concept of the conservation of cultural heritage. «Vedlikehold» --‐ the so--‐called Scandinavian colleagues the process of the "maintenance" of the monument. [1] Difficult to find good Russian equivalent of the word «vedlikehold» or its analogue in English «mainte--‐ nance», which did not include an element of "repair". Repair --‐ is something that is done, the dam--‐ age has already been done monument. While «maintenance» --‐ fix in advance, before the problem occurred.

The most appropriate term for the translation --‐ Russian word "maintenance" is it best re--‐ flects the essence of the English «maintenance» and the Norwegian «vedlikehold». Note that in the Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of the monuments preservation 1965 definition also implies, above all, consistency of care for the monuments.

Operations such as clearing snow from the roof in the spring thaw, obkos grass around the monument, clogging speaking nail or timely elimination of leaks, cleaning leaves from gutters, scraping lichen and moss from the roof does not require any significant effort and costs associated with the involvement of highly skilled professionals, and at the same time, to extend the period in times of "life" of the monument.

During one of the internships in the Russian North Norwegian carpenters introduced Rus--‐ sian professional restorers with the system lifting wooden buildings with their restoration. With the help of special devices, operating on the principle of the jack, the building of the monument rises above the ground and locked in a precise position. At this time, it is possible to replace the accountant crown and restore the foundation of the building, after these procedures the bulk of the building returns to his seat.

The restoraution of the objects of the national park «Kenozersky»

Work on the restoration using the method of lifting were started on a small object --‐ the chapel of St. Nicholas in the village Vershinino Plesetsk district, then --‐ at the sites and villages

Zehnova Glazovo. The most ambitious project of the National Park "Kenozersky" was the restora--‐ tion of this method ansamblya--‐ "troika" Pochozerskogo temple complex in 1700 in the village of Filippovskaya consisting of the summer and winter churches, refectory and bell tower. Here in 2002 the first time in Russia Norwegian and Russian masters carpenters performed surgery to lift 300--‐ton church tent ensemble to replace the rims in the body of the monument, not using the process rolling. This work was highly appreciated by specialists from both the Russian and the Norwegian side. Thanks to cooperation with Norway managed to keep the amount of work on the restoration of monuments, strengthen the restoration base, many challenges to test the methods and technologies of the restoration of the wooden structures. But most importantly, there has been a rethinking of thepublic and social importance of the heritage conservation and the role of local people in the process.

As the work carried out can be seen by visiting the renovated facilities of the park. Each of them have a history of observations and the annual "maintenance" that allows you to save the re--‐ sults of the Russian--‐Norwegian cooperation in the field of the radio--‐restorations of the specific ob--‐ jects for many years.

All work on the monuments of history and culture in the Arkhangelsk region are conducted in full accordance with the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 N 73--‐FZ "On the objects of the cultura heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the Russian Federation", which regulates the rela--‐ tions in the field of the conservation, use, popularization and state protection of cultural heritage of the people of the Russian Federation.

The problems of the preserving of the cultural heritage of the Land of Franz--‐ Iosif

Currently, the Ministry of Culture of the Arkhangelsk region intends to make a new step to--‐ wards the preservation of the cultural heritage in the Russian Arctic, due to heightened pace of learning and development of the Arctic region. In the far north of the Arkhangelsk region, the Arc--‐ tic Ocean, located archipelago --‐ Franz Josef Land, which is the same as Spitsbergen (Svalbard), rich natural and cultural heritage. A huge amount of information and at the same time mysteries fraught numerous polar expeditions, which were sent to this region. Interesting and ne--‐period of the first half of the twentieth century, when the archipelago appeared first polar meteorologica station and there were military education.

The peculiarity of the Russian Arctic archipelago is that for many years he was hardly visited: in the islands of the archipelago remained untouched nature polar desert, objects; abandoned half a century ago and are, canned dry arctic cold.

In 2012, a scientific expedition of the National Park "Russian Arctic", which included a repre--‐ sentative of the Ministry of Culture of the Arkhangelsk region, revealed a number of objects locat--‐ ed on Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land and representing the historical and cultural value – is a memorial crosses, polar hydrometeorological station defenses. [3]

In recent years the Russian Federation has greater indicates its presence in the Arctic, and this is due to the implementation in its territory of economic activity, attempts to organize travel, scientific research and visit these places. At the same time such a visit raises the question of how to protect monuments and artifacts located in the archipelago, from looting and "indiscriminately as souvenirs".

Another important problem in the archipelago is that visited the archipelago tourist groups and expeditions have tried to leave the islands memorials of his visit (crosses, plaques, inscrip--‐ tions), which, of course, distorts the perception of the true cultural heritage of the Arctic piece of land.

Unlike Svalbard, cultural heritage islands of Franz Josef Land in the state protection is not necessary. Currently, the work on his study and description, statement on the state protection.

While recognizing these objects monuments of history and culture raises the question of how to implement the state protection of objects with regard to their remoteness, inaccessibility and malokontroliruemogo visit, the impact of natural and climatic faktorov.Imenno in this matter consider it possible to draw on the experience of Norway for the Study of Health, and preservation of cultural heritage sites located in similar circumstances in the archipelago Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean.

Norwegian skills of the preserving nature on Svalbard

The Law on Environmental Protection, acting in the archipelago Svalbard, states that al traces of human activity on the island since 1945, and are protected by elements of the cultura heritage of the area. Given the terrain traces of human activity is easy to detect in different places --‐ they are all on the ground --‐ or rather rocky soil. It is noteworthy that the mentioned law protect--‐ ed not only immovable objects, but also the individual artifacts. These artifacts are inviolable: bones, tools, ammunition, ammo shells, pieces of pottery or glass, pieces of chains and wires, soles of shoes, burial or their traces, remains, crosses and inscriptions, which are protected re--‐ gardless of their age. The same applies to the bones of dead animals, hunting and fishing gear and equipment for the production of walruses, beluga whales and polar bears.

Artifacts located in the archipelago Svalbard, vulnerable, to ensure their safety needs dry and cold climate. Tourists visiting these places without worrying about the preservation of cultura heritage, trying to take some of this heritage with them. Meanwhile, out of context of the envi--‐ ronment, artifacts immediately lose their value. Every year thousands of the tourists visit these places, and the leadership of the archipelago Svalbard has to apply strict measures and sanctions to prevent the destruction of the monuments. Law provides for criminal liability for such acts and heavy fines. The protection also applies in the security zone stretching 100 meters in all directions around the perimeter of the protected areas. In this zone is prohibited to camp and camping, build a fire and to leave any traces of their stay.

In accordance with the "Plan of preservation of monuments Svalbard» governor of the ter--‐ ritory of the following objectives: to preserve the cultural heritage for future generations; "Sup--‐ port" cultural heritage, taking into account exposure to the environment; allow the scientific study of the cultural heritage.As for the governor's plan 54 sites Svalbard, which are a priority for con--‐ servation, and 19 of them will be continuous monitoring of cultural heritage sites and artifacts. Each year, since 1976, conducted systematic work on the collection of information about the arti--‐ facts located in the archipelago of Svalbard, which is introduced in the national electronic data--‐ base called Askeladden.

Security excavations carried out in the archipelago of Svalbard, in exceptional cases where, for example, there is a risk of the destruction or damage to artifacts in the storm. In any case, such excavations are carried out professionally, and their results are properly documented, processed and stored.

Thanks to the dry and cold climate protected buildings are well preserved in the archipela--‐ go. Some of them are unique monuments and witnesses of the life of the hunters and fishermen, scientists and miners.

For many years, carried out the restoration and maintenance of buildings like Tobiesenhu--‐ set on Bjørnøya (Bjørnøya), Svenskhuset in Isfjorden (Isfjord), the old huts at Kapp Wijk (Kapp Wijk) and Fredheim (Fredheim), Hyttevika north of Hornsurda (Hornsund) , camp Morton (Morton) Van --‐ Miyenforde (Van Mijenfjord), camp Smith (Smith) in Riherhorde (Recherchefjord) as well as various buildings in Ny--‐Ålesund (Ny--‐Ålesund) and Hortane (Hiorthamn).

Norwegian Svalbard leadership held a large amount of work to promote the monuments located in the archipelago: Published printing products, spreads information about artifacts by in--‐ formation and telecommunications network "Internet", held numerous conferences and work--‐ shops for stakeholders, which undoubtedly has an impact on tourism attractiveness and attend--‐ ance of these reserved seats.

Conclusion

Creative use of the domestic and foreign experience of the preservation of the cultural her--‐ itage in the Arkhangelsk region and Norway will qualitatively solve similar problems in the Russian Arctic islands in the Arctic Ocean.