Study of Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants and Herbs in Iran and China
Автор: Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian
Журнал: Журнал стресс-физиологии и биохимии @jspb
Статья в выпуске: 1 т.22, 2026 года.
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Medicinal plants and herbs have been used for the treatment of different diseases among various approaches employed in combatting and treatment of various ailments. Medicinal plants and herbs contain different antioxidants which help to confer protection against free radicals associated diseases. The antioxidant components are mainly produced in plants in the form of secondary metabolites. The exogenous antioxidants are basically obtained from medicinal plants and food such as traditional medicinal herbs, spices, flowers, beverages, mushrooms, cereals, vegetables, and fruits. The natural antioxidants of plants are vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols as stilbenes, lignans, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. In both China and Iran, people have consumed medicinal plants as an alternative to traditional medicine for thousands of years. In recent years, researches and studies on antioxidant activities of medicinal herbs and plants have increased significantly because of enhanced interest in the healthy food industry, and rich natural sources of antioxidants. This review aims to highlight the importance of medicinal plants with antioxidant activity, and introduce some of the most important plants and herbs with antioxidant activities which are common in China and Iran while considering their mechanisms of actions and their functions in treatment and prevention of different diseases.
Antioxidant, Caffeic acid derivatives, Free radicals, Natural Products, Traditional Chinese Medicine
Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/143185416
IDR: 143185416
Текст научной статьи Study of Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants and Herbs in Iran and China
Antioxidants
The medicinal plants contain significantly higher levels of phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant acitivty and the most phenolic compounds identified in them are flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, lignans, quinines, stilbenes and curcuminoids (Tlili et al., 2013; Bi et al., 2015). Recently, more attention is paid to natural antioxidants because of the possible insecurity of synthetic antioxidants (Gong et al., 2020; Keddar et al., 2020). Antioxidants are those molecules which are involved in the scavenging of these reactive species causing oxidative stress, and defined as those substances which could prevent the oxidation of substrate at low concentrations (Sharajabian et al., 2019; Shahrajabian et al., 2020a,b). Phenolic compounds in spices were reportedly found to possess high antioxidant capacities, which may prevent or reduce risk of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes (Abd-El Gawad et al., 2020). Plant-derived peptides upregulated antioxidant defenses in cells, by diminishing reactive oxygen species production, and activating endogenous antioxidant defenses in cellular models (Wong et al., 2020). Some merits of antioxidant supplements might relate to an improvement in cellular redox state and decreased oxidative modifications to DNA, lipids and proteins, and some evidence indicates an ameliorating impact of antioxidants on muscle recovery following intense muscle-damaging exercise (Jager et al., 2019; Negm et al., 2020). Saranchina et al. (2020) suggested using Cu(II)- neocuproine redox system immobilized into transparent polymethacrylate matrix for assessment of antioxidant capacity using CUPRAC method. A low-dose multi-antioxidant supplementation may contribute to a reduction in platelet activation which is beneficial for cardiovascular function (Arnaud et al., 2007; Saranchina et al., 2020). Ibrahim et al. (2010) in his experiment found that Cucumis sativus L. is the most active antioxidant, followed by Citrullus colocynthis L., while Momordica charantia L. has the least antioxidant activity. Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is an edible antioxidant with a safer non-toxic property compared with other antioxidants, which could effectively improve the antioxidant capacity of renal tissue and reduce the renal damage caused by doxorubicin (Liu et al., 2016). Undeger et al. (2009) reported that thymol and carvacrol dislayed a concentration dependent antioxidant capacity. Chlorogenic acid and rutin were identified as the dominant phenolic compounds in the spice extracts (Lu et al., 2011). An increasing body of evidence suggests that diabetes is associated with oxidative stress with insufficient endogenous antioxidant defence systems (West, 2000; Newsholme et al., 2016), and oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of complications associated with diabetes (Ziegler et al., 2004; Song et al., 2009; Szkudlinksa et al., 2016). Antioxidants has beneficinal role for treatment strategy for cancer patients (Ma et al., 2013). The most important health benefits of antioxidants for both prevention and treatment of diseases are shown in Table 1.
Antioxidants in foods and plants have categorized into two groups, such hydrosoluble antioxidants (Flavanoids, phenolics, stilbene, anthocyanins, and lignin, etc), and liposoluble antioxidants (β-carotene, α-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin, etc) (Shahrajabian and Sun, 2023a,b,c,d,e,f; Shahrajabian et al. , 2023). There are various antioxidants extraction methods from foods and medicine plants, such as high voltage electrical discharges extractions, high hydrostatic pressure extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, pulsed electronic field extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, micro-wave assistant extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Multi-technologies combined extraction are pressurized solvent-free microwave extraction, pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-based high hydrostatic pressure extraction, enzyme-based ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted supercritical fluid extraction, and ultrasound-assisted supercritical fluid extraction (Xu et al. , 2017; Shahrajabian and Sun, 2023g,h,i,j,k,l,m). The most important assay methods to measure the antioxidant activity. The most important assay methods to measure the antioxidant activity of medicinal plants and herbs are DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (Ara and Nur, 2009; Sharma and Bhat, 2009),
Telomerase repeated amplification protocol (TRAP method) (Vichitphan and Vichitphanl, 2007), Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP method) (Piatti, 2006), super oxide radical scavenging activity (Jayasri et al. , 2009; Shukla et al. , 2009), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (Agrawal Surendra and Gokil, 2009), nitric oxide radical inhibition activity (Balakrishnan et al. , 2009), ABTS (2,2-azinobis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) diammonium salt method (Bertrand et al. , 2005; Teow and Truong, 2007), DMPD (N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine dihydrochloride) method (Asghar and Ullah Khan, 2007), Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) (Ehlenfeldt and Prior, 2001), β-Carotene linoleate model (Tatjiana et al. , 2005), and Microsomal lipid peroxidation or thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay (Zahin and Aqil, 2009).
Medicinal plants with antioxidant activity
Various parts of plants such as seeds, flowers, roots, bark, and leaves could be used for remedial purposes (Sun et al., 2021a,b,c; Sun and Shahrajabian, 2023a,b: Sun et al., 2023; Sun et al., 2024a,b). Natural antioxidant proteins are mainly found in plants and animals, which interact to eliminate excessive free radicals and protect cells and DNA from damage, prevent and treat some diseases, and it is so important for the development of new drugs and research related diseases (Shahrajabian and Sun, 2024a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h). The oils extracted from the medicinal plants such cinnamon, nutmeg, cloce, basil, parsley, oregano, and thyme show significant antioxidant activities because of the presence of major constituents such as thymol and carvacrol (Aruoma, 1998; Abouseadaa et al., 2020; Aoussar et al., 2020; Noon et al., 2020; Sharma et al., 2020;). Antioxidant activity of mushroom species varies by body tissue and among the tissues peel and gills display outstanding antioxidant activity (Bhavaniramya et al., 2019; Ao et al., 2020; Kruzselyi et al., 2020; Dong et al., 2021). Akoga (Lophira procera A. Chev) is from Ochnaceae family which is a giant tree of forest which has shown high antioxidant activity because of its high phenolic compounds with tremendous benefits for treatment of dental pain, kidney, and breast cancer (Ngoua-Meye-Misso et al., 2018). Albizia myriophylla Benth. is from Fabaceae family which is extensively identified in Southeastern Asian countries with antiviral characterisitics, and a common medicinal plant in Thai traditional medicinal sciences (Bakasatae et al., 2018). Alchornea cordifolia is a bushy and erect perennial shrub and small tree which is a potent antioxidant source, and it is widely used in liver diseases (Kolawole et al., 2007). Aloe vera is a good potential therapeutic source of phenol compound with antioxidant activity (Kumar et al., 2017a,b; Benzidia et al., 2019), and Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) from Amaranthaceae family contains glutelin and albumin in its seeds which are important sources of antioxidant peptides (Adegbola et al., 2020; Sanchez-Lopez et al., 2020). The others important medicinal plants with antioxidant acitivites are Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge and Agrocybe aegerita which have shown high antioxidant acitivites (Song et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020). Artemisia dracunculus L. from Asteraceae family, and Bacopa monniri Linn. from Schrophulariaceae have significant antioxidant activities with positive effects on hepatocytes, and eliminating the negative effects of toxic metabolites of paracetamol (Ghosh et al., 2007). The extract of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) from Lamiaceae family have high levels of total phenolic compounds with high DPPH radical scavenging (Ahmed et al., 2019), and the methanol extract of Bauhinia racemose Lam. from Caesalpiniaceae could protect the liver cells from paracetamol with high antioxidant activities (Gupta et al., 2004). The hydroalcoholic extract of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) from Lauraceae family revealed high antioxidant activity (Fernandez et al., 2019), and bitter organge (Citrus aurantium L.) showed high antioxidant activities in its flowers which contain various soluble phytocompounds (Suryawanshi, 2011; Djenane, 2015; Degirmenci and Erkurt, 2020). It is reported that Boesenbergia (Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf.) from Zingiberaceae family (Jitvaropas et al., 2012), Camu-Camu (Myrciaria dubia) from Myrtaceae family (Fidelis et al., 2020), Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) from Lamiaceae family (Firtin et al., 2020), and Common nettle (Urtica dioica L.) from Urticaceae family also have high antioxidant activities (Guder and Korkmaz, 2012; Kukric et al., 2012). The components extracted from ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of Dondonaea viscosa can be considered for treatment of varius diseases because of high natural antioxidant activity (Al-Habsi and Hossain, 2018), and Hassan and Joshi (2020) reported that Dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab) from Fabaceae family is an important source of antioxidant activity. Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze.) fractions has high amounts of phenolic components with antioxidant activities (Molan et al., 2009), and Baccharis articualata (Lam.) Pers from Asteraceae family is native in South and Central America with high antioxidant acitivty (Oliveira et al., 2014). The bark material of Banyan (Ficus benghalensis L.) is an appropriate source of biologically active compounds with antioxidant activities (Raheel et al., 2020), and Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) is a thorny shrub (Sabatini et al., 2020), and Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica) are the others important plants with a main flavonol source in the diet with antioxicant activities (Duan et al., 2020; Guan et al., 2020).
Some other important medicinal plants which exhbiti high antioxidant activites are Bursera microphylla (Vidal-Gutierrez et al. , 2020), Canna edulis Ker-Gawl (Nguyen et al. , 2020), Ceropegia thwaitesii Hook (Muthukrishnan et al. , 2018), Chokeberry ( Aronia melanocarpa ) (Gao et al. , 2020), Christia vespertilionis (Murugesu et al. , 2020), Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum burmannii ) (Muhammed et al. , 2021), Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn ) (Jiang et al. , 2010). Clerodendrum ( Clerodendrum trichotomum ) from Lamiaceae family has been used in traditional remedy against stomach, liver, asthma and bronchitis disorders (Kar et al. , 2019), and both Cochlospermum regium (Schrank Pilg.) from Bixaceae family (Miranda Pedroso et al. , 2019), and Cordyceps cicadae (Zhu et al. , 2020) from Cordycipitaceae family are important medicinal plants in traditional Chinese medicine with antiviral activities and high phenolic components. Costus afer . Ker from costaceae family (Atere et al. , 2018), Crinum asiaticum L. from Amaryllidaceae family (Goswami et al. , 2020), Dendrobium longicornu Lindl. From Orchidaceae family (Paudel et al. , 2020), Dendropanax dentiger (Harms) Merr. From Araliaceae family (Yang et al. , 2020), Echinops albicaulis Kar. & Kir from Asteraceae family (Kiyekbayeva et al. , 2018) and Dwarfelder ( Sambucus ebulus L.) (Barak et al. , 2020). are traditional Chinese medicines with antioxidant activities.
Eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globulus ) leaf polyphenols extract (EPE) has high antioxidant activity in vitro (Haddad et al. , 2017; Li et al. , 2020); European bluestar from Apocynaceae family (Acemi et al. , 2020), and fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) from Apiaceae family are also common in medicinal plant sciences in East of Asia due to high activity in DPPH radical scavenging (Abdellaoui et al. , 2017; Ahmed et al. , 2019).
Antioxidants and Traditional IranianMedicine
Medicinal plants are a source for a wide variety of natural antioxidants. Allium paradoxum, Buxus hyrcana, Convolvulus persicus, Eryngium caucasicum, Heracleum persicum, Pimpinella affinis, Parrotia persica, Primula heterochroma, Pyrus boissieriana, Ruscus hyrcanus, and Smilax excelsa were collected from Hyrcania region, Sari, Iran exhibited antioxidant activities (Dehghan et al., 2016; Shahrajabian et al., 2021a,b; Shahrajabian et al., 2022a,b). Norfaizatul et al. (2010) reported the cytotoxicity and neuroprotective potentials of Chlorella vulgaris, Momordica charantia, and Piper betle; and showed that plant extracts with the higher free radical scavenging activity showed neuroprotective effects at low concentrations but were cytotoxic at higher concentrations. The leaves of Lavandula officinalis and of Melissa officinalis are rich in natural antioxidants in Hamadan region in the west of Iran (Bouayed et al., 2007). Gohari et al. (2011) found that that Salvia macrosiphon, Pimpinella tragioides, and Salvia limbata showed high level of antioxidant activities. They have also concluded that antioxidant activity of these experimented species might be due to the presence of flavonoids, rosmarinic acid, coumarins even monoterpenes like myrcene in the plant extracts. Lamiaceae plants growing in Iran represent good potential sources of natural antioxidants useful for both prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases (Firuzi et al., 2010). Khalighi-Sigaroodi et al. (2012) reported that Datura stramonium had the highest cytotoxic activity and Solanum dulcamara has the highest antioxidant activity. It has been found that wild almonds have higher levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities than those of the domestic almond in Iran (Hosseinzadeh et al., 2019). After one experiment in Iran, it was observed that Lycium depressum, Berula angustifolia and Tragopogon longirostris were valuable sources of natural antioxidants, both for the preparation of crude extracts and for further isolation and purification of antioxidant components (Tabaraki et al., 2013). Safari et al. (2018) reported that Fumaria officinalis, Rosa Damascene, Stachys Iavandulifolia and Salvia hydrangea have high potency of scavenging free radicals and glycation inhibition, and there was a significant correlation between antioxidant and antiglycation activity. The main traditional Iranian wild edible plants grown in west of Iran with antioxidant properties are Allium jesdianum, Nasturtium officinalis, Eremurus spectabilis, Tragopogon graminifolium and Falcaria vulgaris (Falahi et al., 2019). Rezaeian et al. (2015) reported that among the most important medicinal plants in north eastern of Iran, Berberis integerrima exhibited the highest DPPH inhibition activity followed by Mentha piperita and Berberis vulgaris, wereas Salvia officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare were found to be less effective DPPH scavengers. Artemisia sieberi and Thymus kotschyanus are part of traditional Iranian medicine in Rayen, Kerman province, Iran and contain high antioxidant activity which is due to the high concentration of biosol, carvacrol and m-cymene components (Boroomand et al., 2018). Lappula barbata, Onosma bulbotrichum, Rochelia persica, Nonea cospica, Anchusa arvensis, Onosma microcarpum, Onosma sericeum, and Trichodesma incanum are the most common species of Boraginaceae in Iran with potent antioxidant acitivies which may justidy the ethno-therapeutic application of these plants by traditional healers (Gharib and Godarzee, 2016). Fens could be used for discovery of new and biologically active natural compounds, such Athyrium filix-femina and Pteris cretica demonstrated a significant cytotoxic activity (with LC50 of 6.1 and 15.5 μg/ml, respectively); Polystichum aculeatum which contain methanol and found to have significant antioxidant properties with IC50 value of 0.45 ± 0.02 μg/ml (Valizadeh et al., 2015). Cao et al. (2015) indicated that antioxidant activities of flavonoids extract from these ferns showed an obvious relationship with its total flavonoid contents. Traditional medicinal plants with antioxidant activities in Iran are shown in Table 2.
Antioxidants and Traditional Chinese Medicine
The occurrences of diseases are associated with excessive radical; also, the oxidation of biomacromolecues during food processing, transportation and even storage is involved in food quality deterioration which indicate the critical role of antioxidants in scavenging free radicals and retarding oxidation-induced deterioration. Chinese spices are rich soruces of active anti-oxidaton compounds and flavor making them good alternatives to traditional food additivies; moreover, this ability is influenced by the contents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and other compounds (Gong et al., 2018). Traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer might be potential sources of potent natural antioxidants and beneficial chemopreventive agents such as Zingiber officinale Rosc., Curcuma longa L., Vitex trifolia L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Lycium barbarum L., Solanum nigrum L., Citrus aurantium L., Rubia cordifolia L., Roisa chinensis Jacq., Coptis chinensis Franch., Clematis chinensis Osbeck, Punica granatum L., Portulaca oleraceae L., Polygonum orientale L., Rheum officinale Baill., Plantago asiatica L., Polygala tenuifolia Willd., Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Morus alba L., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Istais indigotica Fort., Cuscuta chinensis Lam., Inula Britannica L., Eclipta prostrata L., Chrysanthemum indicum L., Carthamus tinctorius L., Artemisia argyi Levl. Et Vant., Artemisia capillaries Thunb., Artemisia annua L., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Dianthus superbus L., Rhus chinensis Mill., and Lobelia chinensis Lour. (Cai et al., 2004). Phenolic compounds contribute to both antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects against LDL oxidation, so, Chinese medicinal herbs identified with higher inhibitory impacts can be considered as potent phytochemical agents in therapeutic treatments of various diseases (Ravipati et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2015). Chan et al. (2008) reported that among traditional Chinese medicinal plants, Radix Sanguisorbae, Cortex cinnamomi, Herba taxilli, Semen arecae, Cinnamomum cassia, Taxillus sutchuenensis, Areca catechu and Scutellaria baicalensis contain relatively high values in antioxidant power and total phenolic content. The high values of total phenol contents, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant capacities were reported in Averrhoa carambola, Dimocarpus longgana Lour, Litchi chinensis Sonn, Mangifera indica and Psidium guajava Linn, which implied the importance of these leaves as natural sources of antioxidants for preparing functional food ingredients and preventing oxidative stress diseases (Chen et al., 2017). Zhu et al. (2016) reported that black tea enhanced antioxidant capacity of Chinese steamed bread, and eating quality of Chinese steamed bread not influenced by tea addition. Cai et al. (2019) found that polyphenolic compounds mainly accounted for the antioxidant activity or rice wine. Jang et al. (2007) reported that cinnamon, turmeric and golden thread are rich in cinnamaldehyde, curcumin and berbein, respectively, with good antioxidant activities. It has been reported that the Chinese medicinal plants Rhodiola sacra Fu, the stem of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and the root of P. multiflorum Thunb. possessed high antioxidant activity which can be potential rich sources of natural antioxidants (Wong et al., 2006). Song et al. (2010) concluded that Dioscorea bulbifera, Eriobotrya japonica, Tussilago farfara and Ephedra sinica could be potential rich sources of natural antioxidants. Liao et al. (2008) concluded that antioxidant capacity appwears to correlate with the flavors of herbs identified within the the formal traditional Chinese medicine classification system, and the most important plants in TCM with high antioxidant activities are Spatholobus suberectus vine, Sanguisorba officinalis root, Agrimonia pilosa herb, Artemisia anomala herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza root and Nelembo nucifera leaf. Omportant traditional medicinal plants with antioxidant activities in China are shown in Table 3.
Table 1: The most important health benefits of antioxidants for prevention and treatment of diseases.
|
Health benefits. |
Key points and Mechanism Reference |
|
Anti-cancer activity |
*Antioxidant lycopene is thought to be responsible for decrease Meng et al. (2020) risk of chronic diseases such as cancer. Shirinzadeh et al. (2020) *Antioxidant enzymes destroy free radicals by catalysis, whereas phase-2-detoxifying enzymes remove potential carcinogens by converting them to harmless compounds for elimination from the body. *Antioxidants are essential in preventing the formation and suppressing the activities of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. *The total macamide fraction (TMM) of Maca displays the highest antioxidant activity with great anti-cancer activity. *Antioxidant decrease radiation-induced growth inhibition in Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells, also decrease radiation-induced ROS in NPC cells and suppress raditiona-induced apoptosis via inhibiting MAPK pathway in NPC cells. *Phenolic compounds extracted from medicinal plants have important role for prevention and treatment of cancers due to having antioxidant characteristics. *Melatonin and its derivatives represent promising scaffolds for discovery of effective antioxidant agents. |
|
Heart disease |
*Antioxidant vitamin use significantly decreases risk for Anderson et al. (1999) coronary heart disease. Rao et al. (2000) Antioxidant lycopene is thought to *be responsible for decrease risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease. |
|
Anti-diabetic activity |
its antioxidant activity without having a role in metal ion (2016) mediated lipid peroxidation. Parthasarathy et al. (2019)
radicals which impair the endogenous antioxidant defense.
dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
longa , Panax quinquefolium , Vitis vinifera and glycosides from Stelechocarpus cauliflorus have been reported to prevent diabete complication
common mechanisms in alleviating diabetes mellitus (DM) in |
|
humans and stress in plants. *Bauhinia forficata L. contains antioxidant activity which is used as a complementary treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. *A balances diet rich in fruits is recommended for diabetic individuals and pre-diabetic population. |
|
|
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) |
preventing atherosclerosis, which is one of the major Maiolino et al. (2013) complications that give rise to CVD is proven. *Antioxidants may help to prevent atherosclerosis by protective mechanisms.
factors such NFκB, implicating an important role in cell signaling associated with cardiovascular functions. |
|
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) |
*An equation of the serum total oxidant status (TOS) to total Bagherifard et al. (2020) antioxidant capacity (TAC) could be a good representative of oxidative balance than component individually. |
|
Skin health |
*The antioxidants from foods may mitigate the main component Murugan et al. (2020) of skin aging caused by sun exposure. |
|
Anti nosocomial infection activity |
*The plant Centrosema pubescens that belongs to the Murugan et al. (2020) Fabaceae family showed high phenolic contents and its methanolic leaf extract shows strong antioxidant activity. Moreover, the lead extracts are better than the stem extracts. The mathanolic leaf extract is highly effective in controlling pathogens that cause nosocomial infection. |
|
Urolithiasis (UL) |
*Foods with antioxidant activity will be very useful to generate Avila-Nava et al. (2020) nutritional recommendation in different diseases, mainly UL. |
|
Biofuels |
*Biodiesel is treated with antioxidants to increase the oxidation Balaji et al. (2019) stability which also affects the performance and emission Jeyakumar et al. (2020) characteristics of biodiesel. Kerkel et al. (2021) *Glycerol derivatives solubilise natural, hydrophilic antioxidants in biofuels, and natural antioxidants could replace hydroquinone derivatives used in industry.
|
|
Central nervous system |
*Antioxidant therapy may have positive role in multiple Pan et al. (2020) sclerosis. Silva et al. (2021) *Decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase in neurodegenerative states signifies role of reduced antioxidant potential in neurodegeneration. *Antioxidant therapy emerged as a useful approach to modulate oxidative stress events. *Kaempferol is naturally occurring flavonoid present in several plants and plant-derived foods which acts as neuroprotective agent against rotenone-induced Parkinson,s disease model of rats and SH-S5Y5 cells by preventing the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase expression. |
|
Antioxidants in dentistry |
diseases, the leukocytes in response to the chronic Parthiban et al. (2016) inflammation release the eactive species which is responsible for the oxidative damage to the gingival and the periodontal tissues and the alveolar bone.
antioxidant action, helps in reducing the tooth ache. *Antioxidant rinses, mouth washes, irrigation solutions, ingredients in tooth paste are some of the products for common dental diseases and mucosal diseases.
|
Table 2: Traditional medicinal plants with antioxidant activities in Iran
|
Plant Plant family |
Key points Reference |
|
Achillea Asteraceae pachycephala Rech. F. |
*It has high antioxidant capacity, and the extract can Gharibi et al. (2013) be utilized as natural antioxidant in food and drug industries. |
|
Alium latifolium Liliaceae Gilib. |
*Antioxidant activity of the extract of this plant, Kaskoos et al. exhibited a notable dose dependent inhibition of DPPH (2009) activity, with a 50% inhibition (IC 50 ) at a concentration of 0.145 mg/ml. |
|
Anethum Apiaceae graveolens L. (Dill) |
*It is traditionally used in Iran for many years, and Kaur and Arora contains good antioxidant contents. (2009) Monsefi et al. (2006) |
|
Artemisia Asteraceae ( Artemisia haussknechtii Boiss) |
*It has antioxidant activity of extract of this important Khanahmadi and plant was reported. Rezazadeh (2010) |
|
Berberry fruit Berberidaceae ( Berberis integerima F.) |
*It has high phytochemical and antioxidant activities, Bayani et al. (2016) has the potential of suppressed hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation. |
|
Black cumin Ranunculaceae ( Nigella sativa L.) |
*It contains various chemical components with Alkhalaf et al. antioxidant activity. (2020) |
|
Borage Boraginaceae ( Borago officinalis L.) |
*It is an annual herbaceous plant which has shown salt Naghdi Badi et al. tolerant potential because of increase in the (2009) antioxidant enzymes activities and the compatible solutes content. |
|
Calendula or Asteraceae marigold ( Calendula officianilis L.) |
*It grows in most part of Iran, especially in west part of Baskaran (2017) the country. Its pharmacological importance is due to Zaferanchi et al. its antioxidant. (2019) |
|
Chamomile Asteraceae ( Matricaria chamomilla L.) |
*Chamomile essential oil as a natural antioxidant and McKay et al. (2006) antimicrobial agent can increase shelf-life of food Khaki et al. (2012) products and due to absence of synthetic agents are Pereira et al. (2018) safe with no side effect on human health. |
|
Chicory Asteraceae ( Cichorium intybus ) |
*It has great antioxidant components. Heibatollah et al. (2008) |
|
Coltsfoot Asteraceae |
*A positive correlation between the total phenolic Norani et al. (2019) |
|
( Tussilago farfara L.) |
content and antioxidant activity was reported. |
|
Coriander Apiaceae ( Coriandrum sativum ) |
*Ethyl acetate extracts of both seeds and leaves have Sreelatha et al. highest amounts of phenolic compounds and strongest (2009) radical-scavenging activity. Zoubiri and *Leaves extracts are also effective antioxidants like the Baalioumaer (2010) seeds one. |
|
Cumin Apiaceae ( Cuminum cyminum ) |
*It is used in Iranian folk medicine for more than 300 Dhandapani et al. years. It is a good source of antioxidant, and (2002) extensively used as an Iranian traditional medicine for Derakhshan et al. treatment of toothache, diarrhea and epilepsy. (2008) Oroojalian et al. (2010) |
|
Echium amoenum Boraginaceae |
*Its decoction has very good potential to improve Ranjbar et al. human antioxidant status and prevent normal oxidative (2006) stress which happens daily due to normal exposure to many causal chemicals and conditions. |
|
Fenugreek Fabaceae ( Trigonella- Foenum Graecum ) |
*It has high antioxidant activity. Baba et al. (2018) Akbari et al. (2019) |
|
Ferulago Apiaceae ( Ferulago angulata ) |
*It grows in most part of Iran, especially in west of Iran Khanahmadi and with good antioxidant activity. Rezazadeh (2010) |
|
Fig ( Ficus carica L.) |
Moraceae |
*The liquid coproduct generated by the figs (FLC) has high antioxidant activity. |
Viuda-Martos et al. (2015) |
|
Green tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) |
Theaceae |
*Iranian green tea has high levels of total phenols, flavonoids, tannins content as well as antioxidant activity. |
Samadi and Raouf Fard (2020) |
|
Grape ( Vitis vinifera L.) |
Vitaceae |
*Red grape has high antioxidant activity, and it also contains notable pronathocyanidins compounds. |
Sandoval et al. (2019) Rajakumari et al. (2020) |
|
Hawthorn ( Crataegus elbursensis ) |
Rosaceae |
*Its pulp and seed extract have strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities which has correlation with its high level of polyphenols. |
Salmanian et al. (2014) |
|
Hieracium pannosum Boiss. |
Asteraceae |
*It is rich in apigenin, luteolin-7-glucside, chlorogenic acid and luteolin with high antioxidant activity. |
Gokbulut et al. (2017) |
|
Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. |
Lamiaceae |
*Totally 87 volatile compounds from the essential oil in H. longiflorus were identified with great antioxidant activity. |
Ahmadi et al. (2010) |
|
Hypericum scabrum L. |
Hypericaceae |
*It originates in northwest of Iran, and hexane extracts from different parts of it possess condiserable antioxidant activity. |
Shafaghat (2011) |
|
Hyssopus officinalis L. |
Lamiaceae |
*Its extract could be appropriate natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants. |
Soleimani et al. (2011) |
|
Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba ) |
Rhamnaceae |
*It has a long history of usage as a remedy in Iranian traditional medicine and Ziziphys jujuba from Iran can be used as accessible source of natural antioxidants. |
Azizi and Pirbodaghi (2016) |
|
Lallemantia royleana |
Lamiaceae |
*Its seeds have been used in Persian traditional medicine for many years. *It seems that the phenolic constituents of the seeds are responsible for some part of antioxidant activity. |
Bozorgi and Vazirian (2016) |
|
Lavandula ( Lavandula officinalis ) |
Lamiaceae |
*It has antioxidant activity. |
Bouayed et al. (2007) Pande and Chanda (2020) |
|
Marrubium anisodon K. Koch |
Lamiaceae |
*It has great antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. |
Bursal et al. (2018) Mohammadi et al. (2019) |
|
Matricaria recutita |
Asteraceae |
*Its essential oil displayed strong antioxidant activity. |
Farhoudi and Lee (2017) |
|
Milk Thistle Hairy ( Silybum marianum L.) |
Asteraceae |
* Silybum marianum L. seed extract (Silymarin) may show benefit effects on prevention of cataract development as well as antioxidative defence systemsuch as increase in lens glutathione (GSH) and decrease lipid peroxides (LPO) levels. |
Khalili et al. (2010) Fallah Huseini et al. (2009) |
|
Mint ( Melissa officinalis L.) |
Lamiaceae |
*It grows in the north, north-west and western parts of Iran with good antioxidant activities. |
Saeb and Gholamrezaee (2012) |
|
Nepeta ispahanica Boiss. |
Lamiaceae |
*Its oil and extract contain antioxidant activity. |
Farag et al. (1989) |
|
Ocimum sanctum Linn. |
Lamiaceae |
*Its natural antioxidant level indicated that it can be used effectively in food preservation. |
Fadila et al. (2019) |
|
Ocimum basilicum L. |
Lamiaceae |
*Its natural antioxidant level indicated that it can be used effectively in food preservation. |
Javanmardi et al. (2003) Fadila et al. (2019) |
|
Onosma dichroanthum Boiss. |
Boraginaceae |
*It is called Hava Chobeh in north of Iran, which possess antibacterial and antioxidant activities against free radical produced in different condition. |
Zarghami Moghaddam et al. (2012) |
|
Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera ) |
Arecaceae |
*Iranian dates have great potential as antioxidant functional food ingredients. |
Biglari et al. (2008) |
|
Pennyroyal ( Mentha pulegium L.) |
Lamiaceae |
*Iranian Pennyroyal has been used in Iranian traditional medicine with great antioxidant activities. |
Kamkar et al. (2010) Mahboubi and Ghazaian Bidgoli (2010) |
|
Pistacia khinjuk |
Anacardiaceae |
* P. khinjuk is one of the three species of Pistacia growing in Iran. Due to high antioxidant activities, its |
Fazel and Moslemi (2017) |
|
extract can improve the healing process of damages Achilles tendon in rabbits. |
|
|
Pistacia atlantica Desf. |
Anacardiaceae *Its extract has an appropriate effect on wound healing Fakour et al. (2017) and can be used as a natural antioxidant. |
|
Purslane ( Portulaca oleracea L.) |
Portulaceae *Its vegetable juice, lead, seed and stem have high Desta et al. (2020) antioxidant activity. |
|
Iranian pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) |
Punicaceae *It is native to Iran and traditionally used for bleeding Tehranifar et al. and diarrhea. (2010) *The extracts obtained from pomegranate seeds using Kam et al. (2013) various solvents exhibited various degrees of antioxidant activities, it was also found that Sour white peel cv. has the highest potent antioxidant activity. *Polyphenols are useful indicators to differentiate the geographical localities of pomegranate peel and to predict their antioxidant activities. |
|
Retama (Retama sphaerocarpa) |
Fabaceae *Its fruits have different phytio chemical with Boussahel et al. antioxidant activities. (2018) |
|
Rose ( Rosa hemisphaerica Herrm.) |
Rosaceae *Its extract exhibited antioxidant activity, and the Kashani et al. extracts were toxic to Hela cells as well as human (2010) lymphocytes. So, its extract may be exploited as a natural antioxidant and health promoting agent. |
|
Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ) |
Lamiaceae *Its essential oil exhibited high antioxidant activity. Pintore et al. (2009) *1,8-Cineole, camphor and α-pinene are the major Bajalan et al. (2017) constituents of essential oil. |
|
Black Zira ( Bunium persicum Boiss.) |
Apiaceae *It is an important aromatic perennial plant that Mazidi et al. (2012) naturally grows in Iran, and it contains natural antioxidants. |
|
Salvia Reuterana |
Lamiaceae *It has been used in the Iranian traditional medicine, Jafari et al. (2015) mostly distributed in the central highlands of Iran, and possesses antioxidant properties which can be used as an alternative for treatment of several disorders. |
|
Satureja bachtiarica Bunge |
Lamiaceae *Satureja bachtiarica Bunge, an endemic species with Salehi-Arjmand et relatively wide distribution is traditionally used as a al. (2014) medicinal and spice plant in Iran. Methanol extract from wild growing plants exhibited the high levels antioxidant activities. |
|
Satureja Khuzestanica |
Lamiaceae *The human and animal studies of Satureja Safarnavadeh and Khuzestanica showed a significant antioxidative Rastegarpanah potential of the plant and its effectiveness for infertility (2011) improvement. Improved fertility was observed by its extract in rats which is because of antioxidative effects. |
|
Smyrnium cordifolium |
Umbelliferae *It is native in Iran, especially in west part of Iran, and Khanahmadi and the extract of this plant showed high antioxidant Rezazadeh (2010) activity. |
|
Stachys annua L. |
Lamiaceae *Its water and methanol extract has noticeable Bursal et al. (2020) antioxidant activity. |
|
Satchys glutinosa L. |
Lamiaceae *Its ethanol extract has high antioxidant activity. Leporini et al. (2015) |
|
Sorbus domestica L. |
Rosaceae *It contains high phenolic compounds with high Rutkowska et al. antioxidant activity. (2020) |
|
Sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa ) |
Fagaceae *It has high antioxidant activity. Almeida et al. (2015) |
|
Tea ( Camellia sinensis ) |
Theaceae *It is a well-known beverage which is consumed Azadi Gonbad et al. frequently worldwide due to its high antioxidant (2015) properties. Paiva et al. (2020) Yan et al. (2020) |
|
Thymus ( Thymus daenensis L.) |
Lamiaceae *It is an ancient herb used in medicine by the Greeks, Asbaghian et al. the Egyptians and the Romans. Essential oils of (2011) various types of thymus containing high amount of Tohidi et al. (2017) thymol and carvacrol were reported to possess the highest antioxidant activity. * T. daenensis-3 , T. vulgaris , and T. fedtschenkoi -3 have high antioxidant activity. |
|
Toothbrush tree ( Salvadora persica ) |
Salvadoraceae *It has high antioxidant activity. Dkhil et al. (2019) |
|
Turmeric ( Curcuma longa Linn.) |
Zingiberaceae *A common traditional medicinal plant in all parts of Rodrigues et al. Asia, especially in Iran with proven high antioxidant (2020) property. |
|
Varthemia persica DC. |
Asteraceae *It is an aromatic plant from central regions of Iran with Mahboubi (2016) high antioxidant activity. |
|
Veld grape ( Cissus quadrangularis L.) |
Vitaceae *It has high antioxidant activity. Dhanasekaran (2020) |
|
Zhumerica majdae Rech.f. & Wendelbo |
Lamiaceae *It has a limited geographic range in southern region of Moein and Moein Iran with antioxidant activity. (2010) |
Table 3: - Important traditonal medicinal plants with antioxidant activities in China.
|
Plant |
Plant family Key points Reference |
|
Achyranthes bidentata Blume |
Amaranthaceae *It is one of the most important medicinal plants in Wang et al. (2015) Henan Province, China, which has great antioxidant activity. |
|
Aronia ( Aronia melanocarpa ) |
Rosaceae *Its fruits are high in phenolic substances-mainly Meng et al. (2019) anthocyanins. *The anthocyanins, as a water-soluble plant pigments with strong antioxidant activity, have been used in food and medical industries. |
|
Asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L.) |
Asparagaceae *It is primarily a rich source of flavonoids, including Zhang et al. (2018) rutin and quercetin. It is also a rich source of Zhang et al. (2019) antioxidant compounds. |
|
Asparagus racemosus L. |
Asparagaceae *Its ethanolic root extract is a source of natural Karuna et al. (2018) antioxidants. |
|
Bindii ( Tribulus terrestris L.) |
Zygophyllaceae *Its flavonoids fraction showed antioxidant activity, Hammoda et al. which introduces flavonoids fraction from Tribulus (2013) terrestris L. leaves as a natural and healthy herbal Tian et al. (2019) medicine. |
|
Blueberries ( Vaccinium spp.) |
Ericaceae *Their leaves are rih in phenolics, and blueberry Wu et al. (2019) leaves may be a potential source resource of antioxidant phenolics. |
|
Camellia ( Camellia oleifera Abel.) |
Theaceae *It is a typical and notable woody oil plant in China, Feas et al. (2013) which exerts many biological activities such as Feng et al. (2014) antioxidant properties. Li et al. (2014) *A novel glycoprotein, COG2, indicated antioxidant Li et al. (2020) activity in vivo by significant enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reducing the contents of oxidative toxic products, thereby protecting the body from oxidative damage. |
|
Chinese bayberry ( Myrica rubra Sieb. Et Zucc.) |
Myricaceae *Chinese bayberry leaves proanthocyanidin (BLPs) Huang et al. (2014) showed potent chemical, cellular antioxidant and Zhang et al. (2016) antiproliferative capacities, which can be considered as a valuable resource of bioactive compounds to promote consumer health. *Antioxidant activity was closely associated with phenolics and flavonoid content. |
|
Chinese bitter melon ( Momordica charantia L.) |
Cucurbitaceae *It has both antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Wang et al. (2019) |
|
Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa L.) |
Brassicaceae *Chinese cabbage contains many antioxidant plant Abbey et al. (2017) compounds. Wu et al. (2018) b. Outer leaf of Chinese cabbage has the highest Dai et al. (2019) levels of antioxidant capacities and polyphenolics. Shawon et al. (2020) |
|
Chinese cherry ( Prunus |
Rosaceae *Cherry seeds are good sources of antioxidant Guo et al. (2015) peptides. |
|
pseudocerasus Lindl.) |
|||
|
Chinese chestnut ( Castanea mollissima Blume) |
Fagaceae |
*It is from North China, which contain antioxidant peptides. *The peptides have good antioxidant activity after synthesis and simulated digestion. |
Feng et al. (2018) |
|
Chinese chive ( Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng) |
Amaryllidaceae |
*It is a popular culinary herb in Asia which is a good source of antioxidant components. |
Jia et al. (2017) |
|
Chinese hawthorn ( Crataegus pinnatifida ) |
Rosaceae |
*Phenolic and flavonoids are main antioxidant components of C. pinnatifida digestion fractions. *High antioxidant activity is due to the interaction between phytochemicals. |
Wen et al. (2015) Zheng et al. (2018) |
|
Chinese hickory ( Carya cathayensis Sarg.) |
Juglandaceae |
*It is a common and nutritious nut. Its quercetin and protocatechuic acid methyl ester shoed pronounced antioxidant activities. |
Xiang et al. (2016) |
|
Chinese leek ( Allium tuberosum Rottler) |
Amaryllidaceae |
*A novel antioxidant peptide (CLP-2) was isolated from Chinese leek seeds. |
Hong et al. (2014) |
|
Chinese local pummelo ( Citrus grandis Osbeck.) |
Rutaceae |
*Most Chinese local pummelos were found rich in flavonoid and exhibited high antioxidant capacity. Remarkable variation was observed in flaconoids contents and antioxidant capacity. |
Zefang et al. (2016) |
|
Chinese jujube ( Zizyphus jujube Miller) |
Rhamnaceae |
*The antioxidant capacities fo Chinese jujube extracts demonstrated a good positive relationsip with some phenolic acids. |
Zhang et al. (2010) Zhao et al. (2014) |
|
Chinese olive ( Canarium album L.) |
Burseraceae |
*Chinese olive is served as a fruit and traditiona herb in China with antioxidant phytochemicals. b. Chinese olive fruit could be a natural candidate for studies of dietary complement to diabetes treatments because of its antioxidant and antiglycation activities. |
Kuo et al. (2015) Zhang et al. (2019) |
|
Chinese pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) |
Pubiaceae |
*Environmental factors have significant impact on phenolic compositions and antioxidant capacity.
|
Jing et al. (2012) Li et al. (2015) |
|
Chinese rose tea ( Rosa chinensis ) |
Rosaceae |
*It has higher antioxidant property values than green teas. Its total phenolic content was highly positively correlated with antioxidant capacities. |
Jin et al. (2016) |
|
Chinese toon ( Toona sinensis L.) |
Meliaceae |
*Chinese toon is a woody plant whose shoots are a seasonal vegetable, and the higher content of the main nutrients was found in the shoots of Chinese toon. *Total phenols showed more obvious correlation with antioxidant activity; gallic acid and its derivate played the key role in the high antioxidant activity. |
Jiang et al. (2019) Xu et al. (2020) |
|
Chinese watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) |
Cucurbitaceae |
|
Liu et al. (2018) |
|
Chinese keemun black tea ( Camellia sinensis var. sinensis ) |
Theaceae |
a. Chinese keemum black tea presents high flavonoids and chemical antioxidant activity. |
Zhang et al. (2019) |
|
Chinese knotweed ( Polygonum Chinense L.) |
Polygonaceae |
*Its varieties used in Chinese cool tea cooking without any efficient quantification. *Its methanol extract showed antioxidant activities. |
Wu et al. (2020) |
|
Chinese quince ( Chaenomeles sinensis ) |
Rosaceae |
*Chinese quince seed polysaccharides showed strong antioxidant activities. *Chinese quince fruits have an abundance of lignins with antioxidant activities. *Chinese quince fruits lignin has potential application as a natural antioxidant in the food industry. |
Wang et al. (2017) Cheng et al. (2020) Qin et al. (2020) |
|
Chinese rhubarb ( Rheum officinale Baill.) |
Polygonaceae |
|
Li et al. (2017) |
|
Chinese skullcap ( Scutellaria baicalensis ) |
Lamiaceae |
*Its baicalein shows high antioxidant activity. |
Wozniak et al. (2015) |
|
Chinese sumac ( Rhus typhina L.) |
Anacardiaceae |
*It is a novel source of natural antioxidant agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries. |
Kossah et al. (2011) |
|
Chinese wolfberry ( Lycium chinense ) |
Solanceae |
*Chinese wolfberry is one of the most antioxidant rich fruits, and its antioxidants may have anti-aging and cancer-fighting effects. *Wolfberry fruit polysaccharides exhibited dosedependent antioxidant and antiproliferative effects. |
He et al. (2012) Zhou et al. (2020) |
|
Dendrobium ( Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo) |
Orchidaceae |
*It is a traditional medicinal herb used in China with good antioxidant activities. |
Kim et al. (2020) |
|
Drumstick tree ( Moringa oleifera Lam.) |
Moringaceae |
*It is a a perennial woody plant native to tropical, southern subtropical, arid and semi-arid regions, which has ability to protect Chang liver cells from oxidative stress damage and can be considered as a potential antioxidant or oxidative damage cytoprotective agent. |
Liang et al. (2020) |
|
Emblic (Indian gooseberry) ( Phyllanthus emblica L.) |
Phyllanthaceae |
*Methanolic extract of emblica fruit from some selected regions exhibited strong antioxidant activities. |
Liu et al. (2008) |
|
Ficus species ( Ficus benjamina ) |
Moraceae |
*Fresh leaves of Ficus species contain considerable phenolic and flavonoids. *Extracts of the young leaves exhibit excellent in vitro antioxidant capacities. |
Shi et al. (2011) |
|
Flos Lonicerae |
Caprifoliaceae |
*It is an important plant in traditional Chinese medicine with high antioxidant activity and chlorogenic acid. |
Lan et al. (2007) |
|
Ganoderma lucidum |
Ganodermatace ae |
*It is a type of mushroom and native in East of Asia with antioxidative activity. |
Sargowo et al. (2018) |
|
Garcinia schomburgkiana |
Clusiaceae |
*Its ethanol extract from the leaves has high antioxidant activity. |
Thummajitsakul et al. (2020) |
|
Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.) |
Zingiberaceae |
*The most abundant pungent component of ginger is 6-gingerol and is claimed to contain antioxidant activity. |
An et al. (2016) Ibrisham et al. (2019) Idris et al. (2019) |
|
Ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba L.) |
Ginkgoaceae |
*The antioxidant properties of Ginkgo have connected mainly with polyphenolic constituents, comprising flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, luteolin, and their glycosides), biflavonoids (bilobetin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin), proanthocyanidins, catechins and phenolic acids. |
Lena et al. (2003) Rababah et al. (2004) Kaur et al. (2012) |
|
Ginseng ( Panax ginseng Meyer) |
Araliaceae |
*Red ginseng extract exhibited excellent antioxidant effects via increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in the liver and decreasing serum 8-hydroxy-2/-deoxyguanosine, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels compared with the groups treated with fermented red ginseng extract and black red ginseng extract. |
Saba et al. (2020) |
|
Goji berry ( Lycium barbarum L.) |
Solanaceae |
*Ningxia goji berries are excellent source of antioxidants for human nutrition. |
Zhang et al. (2016) |
|
Grape ( Vitis vinifera L.) |
Vitaceae |
*Free phenolics were predominnat in grape skins and pulps, and showed the higher antioxidant activities than bound. |
Li et al. (2019) |
|
Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) |
Caprifoliacea |
*It is an important medicinal plant in East of Asia with high antioxidant activity. |
Du et al. (2020) |
|
Jewelled chain fern ( Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Nakai) |
Blechnaceae |
*It is an important plant in traditional Chinese medicine with antioxidant activity in both FRAP and DPPH assays. |
Takuli et al. (2020) |
|
Houttuynia cordata Thunb. |
Saururaceae |
|
Tian et al. (2011) |
|
Iris lacteal Pall. |
Iridaceae |
*Iris lacteal Pall. var. Chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz. Is a perenntial herbaceous plant widely distributed in China; and Iris essential oil are mainly composed of myristic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, arachidic acid with great antioxidant activities. |
Deng et al. (2008) Deng et al. (2009) Luan et al. (2020) |
|
Jerusalem thorn ( Parkinsonia aculeate L.) |
Fabaceae |
*The ethyl acetate fraction of P. aculeate L. showed significant in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities compared to other tested fractions. |
Sharma et al. (2014) Abdelaziz et al. (2020) |
|
Kiwifruit seed oil (KSO) ( Actinidia deliciosa ) |
Actinidiaceae |
*Kiwifruit seed has high antioxidant activity; it can protect mice lymphocytes against oxidative DNA damage. *It is a good source for developing the high-quality vegetable oil. |
Deng et al. (2018) |
|
Lada Panjang ( Piper officinarum ) |
Piperaceae |
*It is a native plant in China with high antioxidant activities. |
Salleh et al. (2012) |
|
Liquorice root ( Radix Glycyrrhizae ) |
Fabaceae |
*A famous Chinese herbal medicine which can effectively protect against hydroxyl-induced DNA damage. Its antioxidant avility can be mainly attributed to the flavonoids or total phenolics. |
Li et al. (2013) |
|
Lithospermum erythrorhizon |
Boraginaceae |
*It has great antioxidant activity and it can be considered as a promising rich source of natural antioxidants. |
Han et al. (2008) |
|
Lotus plumule ( Plumula Nelumbinis ) |
Nymphaeaceae |
*It is a Chinese herb with good antioxidant activity; a positive correlation was reported between total alkaloids content and the antioxidant activity. |
Tian et al. (2018) |
|
Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) |
Clusiaceae |
*It is a native plant in East and Southeast Asia with high antioxidant activity. |
Mohammad et al. (2019) |
|
Mulberry ( Morus alba L.) |
Moraceae |
|
Chen et al. (2016) Zhang et al. (2018) Xu et al. (2020) |
|
Nine tree peony ( Paeonia section Moutan DC.) |
Paeoniaceae |
*The seeds of tree peony are rich in phenolic compounds, which are associated with antioxidant activity. *Flavonoid is the most effective antioxidant compound in tree peony seeds. |
Zhang et al. (2017) |
|
Perilla frutesces (L.) Britt. |
Lamiaceae |
*It is an important annual herb of the mint family which is native in East of Asia, and its oil has antioxidant activity. |
Tian et al. (2014) |
|
Ottelia acuminata |
Hydrocharitacea e |
*It is an edible and medicinal aquatic plant endemic to southwestern China. |
Lu et al. (2019) |
|
*The phenolics from O. acuminata showed strong antioxidant activity, and its phenloics displayed stronger inhibition of yeast α-glucosidase than acarbose in a mized noncompetitive manner. |
|||
|
Prunus mume |
Rosaceae |
*Its flowers are used as traditional edible and medicinal materials in China. *Chlorogenic acid isomers are the key phenolic compounds which are responsile for antioxidant activity of the ehtanolic extract from Chinese P. mume flowers. |
Shi et al. (2009) |
|
Pyrola ( Passiflora incarnate Fisch.) |
Passifloraceae |
*Pyrola is a valuable antioxidant natural soruce, especially varieties which belong to Northeast China. |
Zhang et al. (2013) |
|
Raspberry ( Rubus chingii Hu) |
Rosaceae |
*It is native in China with high antioxidant activity. |
Chen et al. (2020) |
|
Rhododendrom arborerum L. |
Ericaceae |
*It is native in China and India with high antioxidant activity. |
Gautam et al. (2020) |
|
Rhubarb ( Rheum rhabarbarum L.) |
Polygonaceae |
|
Kalisz et al. (2020) |
|
Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) |
Poaceae |
*Sorghum grain is rich in phenolic compounds,and sorghum flour was used to prepare Chinese steamed bread. *Sorghum addition improved the antioxidant capacity of Chinese steamed bread; steaming significantly decreased total antioxidant capacity of Chinese steam bread. |
Wu et al. (2018) |
|
Summer savory ( Satureja hortensis ) |
Lamiaceae |
*It has noticeable antioxidant activity. |
Rahimmalek et al. (2020) |
|
Tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare L.) |
Asteraceae |
*Its crude extract has significant antioxidant activity. |
Juan-Badaturuge et al. (2009) |
|
Tree turmeric ( Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr.) |
Menispermaceae |
*It contains various phytochemical components with high antioxidant activity. |
Karthika et al. (2019) |
|
Walsura robusta Roxb. |
Meliacea |
*It has high antioxidant activity. |
Voravuthikunchai et al. (2010) |
|
Water chestnut ( Trapa bispinosa Roxb) |
Trapaceae |
*It is an annual floating-leaved aquatic plant, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries, and its leaves have antioxidant and antiproliferative activities, which could be a potential source for prevention of cancer and other diseases associated with oxidative stress. |
Xia et al. (2017) |
|
Winter savory ( Satureja montana L.) |
Lamiaceae |
*It possesses high antioxidant activity. |
Vladic et al. (2014) |
|
FRAP method, TRAP method, super oxide radical CONCLUSIONS scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical inhibition activity, ABTS and DMPD Natural antioxidants, like phenolic acids, possess a methods, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, β-unique chemical space which can protect cellular carotene linoleate model, microsomal lipid peroxidation components from oxidative stress, but their polar or thiobarbituric assay. The most well-known medicinal carboxylic acid chemotype reduces full intracellular plants with antioxidant activities in Iran are Artemisia, antioxidant potential due to limited diffusion through borage, berberry fruit, chicory, calendula, chamomile, biological membranes. The common assay methods to coriander, coltsfoot, cumin, green tea, ferulago, measure the antioxidant activities are DPPH method, hawthorn, jujube, mint, milk thistle hairy, Ocimum |
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sanctum Linn., Ocimum basilicum L., palm, pomegranate, pennyroyal, rose, black zira, rosemary, Salvia Reuterana, Satureja Khuzestanica, Satureja bachtiarica Bunge., Smyrnium cordifolium, and tea. Important traditional medicinal plants with antioxidant activities in China are Achyranthes bidentata Blume., Chinese chive, blueberries, aronia, asparagus, black tea, Chinese jujube, goji berry, knotweed, wolfberry, Asparagus racemosus L., Chinese bayberry, sumac, Chinese cherry, camellia, Chinese bitter melon, Chinese cabbage, ginger, Chinese chestnut, dendrobium, Chinese hawthorn, Chinese hickory, Chinese leek, Chinese olive, Chinese local pummelo, pomegranate, Chinese rose, Chinese toon, tea, Chinese watermelon, Chinese quince, Chinese rhubarb, drumstick tree, Fiscus species, ginkgo, grape, Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Iris lacteal Pall., rhubarb, Jerusalem thorn, kiwifruit seed oil, liquorice root, mulberry, Perilla frutesces (L.) Britt., Ottelia acuminate, Prunus mume , pyrola, and water chestnut.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The author declare that he has no potential conflicts of interest.
