Subject and object of cognition in the context of historical reconstruction

The dispute about the subjectivity and objectivism is reflected in the field of social sciences and humanities. The very doctrine of objectivity has become relevant in modern European science project where the problem of truth and error was solved in a new way by differentiating the knowing subject and the known object. Subject of knowledge actually separated himself from the possibility of mixing rational and emotional, and in the object it became possible to differentiate sensible and logical, meaningful and formal. The article focuses on the discussion of modern historical cognition, where in the frame of the dispute about subjectivity and objectivity in the context of historical reconstruction the dilemma is solved: either historical knowledge must be no less objective than natural sciences or subjectivity is quite acceptable in historical science. The author analyzes the problem in the framework of historical and scientific studies on the results of historical reconstruction, identifies the positions of representatives of presentism and antiquarism, and considers the position of F. Brentano about the nature of social identity. The article analyzes the relationship between subject and object of cognition put forward by post-modernists and identifies intellectual conditions and technical means for a more consistent application of a critical approach to scientific thinking.