Sustainable use of natural resources in the Arctic in the field of industrial fisheries (social-economic and environmental issues)

Throughout its history, mankind has enjoyed the benefits of the environment. In the process of the development of mankind has developed man-made environment type of the economic development, the principle of which is the transformation of nature in accordance with the needs of man. "Resource" path of human development is based on the premise: "Man - is the tzar of the nature." Formed psychology of the "conqueror of nature," which is taking care of their own needs, thoughtlessly exploiting the environment, has led to a crisis involving dangerous anthropogenic impact on the environment and generated by the existing mode of production on the one hand, the unsustainable consumption of natural resources and on the other - environmental releases of various wastes. There is a reduction not only of non-renewable re- sources, but also those that mankind is able to recover in full scale. Exhaustion of natural renewable and non-renewable resources is now one of the most serious problems that occur at the level of the entire world economy, and at the level of the economy of one country.

Economic growth as an indicator of sustainable economic development

Defining indicator of sustainable economic development has always been the economic growth.

Today, the economic theory developed a number of theories of the economic growth. Representatives of some theories (classical and neoclassical) argue that the market system is capable of selfregulation. Self-interest is the main driving force behind the economic development, and the economy would operate more efficiently by eliminating its regulation by the state. Keynesian and Post-Keynesian theory of economic growth involves state regulation of national economy. According to this theory, is to develop a viable long-term strategy of the economic regulation of deep structural reforms, the introduction of a system of national economic planning, etc.

Economy's ability to the growth depends on many factors, which refers to the phenomena and processes that determine the rate and magnitude of long-term increase in real output, the possibility of raising the efficiency and quality of growth.

In any model of the economic development, there are direct factors that make the economic growth physically possible (quantity and quality of labor and natural resources, the level of capital, technology and organization of production, the level of entrepreneurial skills in the community), as well as indirect factors - conditions that would allow the of society's opportunities for growth (tax climate in the economy, the effectiveness of the credit and banking system, consumer, investment and government spending, the redistribution of productive resources in the economy, the current system of income distribution).

Environmental factor does not take a proper place in any of the groups among considered factors. The main assumptions of theories of the economic growth lie in the fact of t that nature is the source of inexhaustible resources and boundless sink waste, no need to harvest levels correlate with their reserves.

All the theories of the economic growth belong to the techno type of the economic development, which is based on the use of artificial means of production created without environmental constraints. The characteristic features of the type of the technological development are: rapid and debilitating use of non-renewable natural resources (primarily mining) and the super-exploitation of renewable resources (soil, forests and water resources, etc.) at a rate greater than the possibility of their recovery and rehabilitation. .

However the profound destabilization of the environment as a result of the gigantic development of the productive forces, unprecedented population growth has led to a qualitative change in the relationship of nature and society, a huge increase in the load on the ecosystem. Therefore, in recent decades has come to awareness of the need of changing economic outlook in terms of environmental accountability.

Awareness of the risk of the further technological development of the economy has forced many countries to try to take into account environmental factors. In this regard, there was the concept of environmental protection. But quality does not help (although under this concept some countries have made specific environmental stability), because the interests of the economy remain a priority, the maximum increase in the production in order to better meet the needs of people. In such conditions, environmental management and the cost of the environment on growth. However, the consideration of the environmental factors is considered necessary, while limiting the economic development.

The growing of the contradictions between the society and nature, which is manifested in the deterioration of the natural environment and the rapid growth of the world population, has become the main theme of the Stockholm UN Conference on the Environment in 1972. The conference was first formulated the concept of eco-development - ecologically-oriented social and economic development, in which the welfare of people is not accompanied by the deterioration of the environment and the degradation of natural systems.

The main principles of the eco development are [9]:

regional and local problems should be subject to the eco global and national goals of preventing environmental crisis and optimization of the human environment (the principle of "think globally - act locally");

the eco-development includes a function of early warning of adverse the environmental trends and provides safeguards to minimize them;

the eco goals should be the primary to the objectives of the economic development. The economic system that considers the unlimited growth as progress, does not account for the environmental values and the damage to the steady build-up of production, has no right to exist; location and development of material production in a certain area should be in accordance with its environmental tolerant to anthropogenic influences.

Thus, the implementation of the eco-development ideas becomes one of the major challenges of our time.

In 1972 the first report of "Club of Rome" was published, it was created by the group of authors and the main person of the project was D. Meadows, "Limits of the Growth". This report traces the dynamics of the population, food production, industrial products, and consumption of resources and pollution of the environment with the extrapolation forecast up to 2000. The report examines four scenarios: continued depletion of resources, unlimited resources, limiting population growth and technogenic and stabilization scenario.

In 1972, in the Stockholm Congress has been ascertained the fact of the degradation, and formulated the task to preserve it for the future generations and identified some actions in some form arising from the growth model that would facilitate stabilization.

The concept of the sustainable development

In the late 70's - early 80's in the literature began to appear the concept of "sustainable development." In 1983, at the initiative of the UN General Secretary was created the International Commission for the United Nations Environment and Development (WCED). It was headed by the Norwegian Prime Minister Gru Harlem Brundtland.

The Commission's task was to consider the global environment and to offer a global agenda for the resolution. The commission's work was aimed at identifying the problems plaguing all walks of life through- out the world. It turned out that the broad masses of the population of little concern to the problems associated only with the environment. People talked about the living conditions, resources, pressures on the population, education and health.

In 1987, the WCED has raised the question of the need for a new model of civilization. In the report "Our Common Future" was the impossibility to formulate and solve major environmental problems is their link to the social, economic and political. Since the publication of the report of the Commission Brutdtlanda entered into use the concept of the "sustainable development." It refers to a model of the socio-economic development, which guarantees the satisfaction of the vital needs of the present generation without compromising that possibility for future generations.

Close to the above interpretation of the concept of the "sustainable development" give Russian scientists: "The basic idea – is the development of the modern society should be organized in such a way as not to cause irreversible damage to the environment and future generations widow for needed them of vital resources. Ensure that the development of society is impossible without a long-term planning of all components of the society and, above all, the cash resources of the planet and the possible options for compensation as the depletion of the future.

The concept of the social –ecological –economic system

The concept of the sustainable development does not only affect environmental issues, but also treats them as one of the factors (along with the political, demographic, social and economic) and the consequences of the imperfections of modern devices of human civilization, including the organization of the economic activity.

The concept of the sustainable development is seen as a result of the development of the economic, environmental and social objectives of the society. Therefore, the sustainable development should be explored as part of the socio-ecological-economic system. Internal limits by formulas of this system are rational human needs, and the outer limits associated with the capacity of the biosphere. To move from the inner to the outer limits to revise the objectives and priorities and resolve system problems in the social, ecological and economic systems.

In the framework of the socio-ecological-economic systems can be realized simultaneously the three variants of the problem: economic, environmental and social.

The economic challenges include: the economic growth, quality, increase GDP, efficiency, healthy competition, and so on

In terms of the social issues than daily (poverty alleviation, food security, stabilization of demographic processes, training of human values, the preservation of health, and so on) is activated and the fundamental idea of the rights of future generations. Earth's natural resources are the common heritage of all mankind, as the living and future generations. In order for development to be sustainable, the natural reserve fund must be passed down from generation to generation is the least depletion and pollution.

Ecological tasks require the global security, environmental quality, quality of life and ecological balance. Sustainable development should ensure the stability of biological and physical systems. Pollution and loss of biodiversity reduces the ability of ecosystems to heal itself.

Social, ecological and economic system is self-organizing, so the harmonization of conditions for economic, social and environmental development can not be achieved automatically.

The proper functioning of the market mechanism in all areas, including environmental, involves not only the relative freedom of the exchange of goods, services, resources, etc., but also the inclusion of rather rigid centralized control mechanism in the sphere of relations between human society and the biosphere [3 ]. The relationship between the three components of the system must be effectively regulated by the government, because, working on ecological and economic systems, nature pursues its own goals (trying to maximize their income), which, as a rule, do not meet the requirements of sustainable development. The very same socio-ecological system is not able to defend their interests, and their responses are lagging in nature, which can lead to disastrous consequences, and therefore need a regulatory body (the state), which would impact on a nature for sustainable development.

State agencies and authorities, guided in their activities of the scientific understanding should in time to resolve contradictions arising in the sphere of nature, change its shape, design control mechanisms adequate to requirements of objective laws, not to hinder social development, and to encourage social and economic progress. Conflict resolution is possible with a focused management of the state.

It should be found a material process, which would proceed in accordance with the laws of nature and society.

In order to effectively manage the social, ecological and economic system, you must:

The components of the subsystem and establish relationships between them;

Reveal the contradictions between the problems solved each of the subsystems;

An analysis of the interests of each of the conflicting subsystems;

Develop a mechanism and tools of impact on the control of the subsystem.

It should be noted that the environmental and social priorities should not be construed as limiting of the economic subsystem. In essence, these restrictions are new criteria for transition to a new qualitative level of development. The contradiction between the individual subsystems socio-ecological-economic system should be seen as the problem, and the solution of which will go to a new level of human development.

Fishing complex of the North, as the social –ecological - economic system

Important sector of the Arctic in terms of the economic, environmental and social value of a fish industry. .

Firstly, in terms of the social value determines the function of fisheriesas the food security. Marine industrial fisheries have a leading role in the country's population of fish and seafood in the size and range, sufficient to form a proper and balanced diet. Addressing food security of the country is a major socioeconomic problems of the state.

Fish protein is rich in essential amino acids, without which the human body can not function properly: tryptophan, lysine, methionine, and the most useful – is taurine. It prevents the excretion of potassium from the heart muscle and helps in the prevention of certain cardiac arrhythmias.

Fish contains a lot of good fats, close to that of a human, and therefore easily digestible. The fact that animal fats, such as butter, contain a lot of cholesterol, and fish oils, on the contrary, God-you polyunsaturated fatty acids, which dissolve the cholesterol, significantly reduces the risk of such diseases as atherosclerosis. Feature fish oils are the presence in them of essential fatty acids: linoleic, linolenic and arachi-donicing, called vitamin F, which are not synthesized in the human body, and therefore should be part of the food. Fat fish also contain important vitamins A, D and E. The liver is particularly rich in vitamins fish, mainly cod species (cod, pollock, hake, blue whiting, grenadier, etc.). Found in fish and water-soluble vitamins, which are the same in the flesh of animals, and vitamins A, D and E in a few times. Regulating metabolism, vitamins contribute to the conclusion of toxicants, and Tamino VI-A and E prevent cancer.

Marine fish and seafood are high in beneficial minerals, iodine, zinc, manganese, copper, etc. A lot of iodine in the tissues of benthic fish (cod, flounder, catfish, carp, etc.).

Secondly, the fishing industry, as the main element in the economic structure of the country having a complicated structure and diversified structure, provides employment. In addition to actually fishing industry, sub-sectors and industries, such as fish processing, conservation and reproduction of fish resources, it includes a range of support and service industries, as well as the institutions and social infrastructure. The most important ones are the repair, construction, transportation, packaging.. On average, one fisherman has 8-10 people working in related fields.

Fishing is a town-and region industry in many regions of the country, including the north. Social importance of the fishery sector of Russia is provide the employment, especially in the coastal areas of the North, where it is the main source of income, as well as the replenishment of the budget allocated to social infrastructure.

Thus, the value is determined by the fishing industry to its role in the food sector of the country (in the provision of the regions of clean and high quality fish products), as well as providing employment in the northern coastal areas.

The resource base of the fishing enterprises marine biological resources that are the part of large marine ecosystems.

The term "large marine ecosystem" (hereinafter - BED) came into general use only in the past few years. BED concept was proposed by the American researcher K. Sherman and his co-workers [10]. The essence of BED is the shift in the emphasis in the study and the management of the natural resources with a particular species, that is, the specific objects of fishing on the ecosystem within which these organisms exist and interact with the environment and other organisms.

Recently, major changes occur in the structure and functioning of the marine ecosystems. This is due, first, to the strengthening of human influence on the ocean, and secondly, with the change of the climatic conditions.

• >    The main factors that affect the BED, include:

• >    chemical contamination of the environment with the watershed land and from land-based sources;

• >    industrial fishing;

• >    maritime and oil and gas industry as a source of contamination;

• >    check of the new species.

As a consequence of the activity, the huge amount of pollutants, including petroleum hydrocarbons in marine ecosystems comes in different ways. Conventionally counting hydrosphere as passively accumulating environment, there are two groups of sources of pollutants: natural (endogenous and exogenous) and akva politehnogenic[4] The first group includes continental runoff (river runoff, coastal erosion), atmospheric deposition. The last type of source associated with the industrial activities on the marine actor, including maritime, mining, disposal (dumping), direct discharge, and emergency situation.

Potential sources of contamination from oil development can be divided into three groups:

• 1)    Process of contamination during drilling and field facilities, loading / unloading of raw materials, pipelines, tanker and auxiliary fleet. The intensity of the contamination is usually dependent on the technical condition of the equipment and the production of culture;

• 2)    spills of oil and condensate in an emergency during the drilling of exploration wells in the operation of ice-resistant platform for transportation of raw materials pipelines and tankers. The complexity of the situation in the Russian Arctic seas due to the presence of floating ice, icebergs are much higher than, for example, in ice-free waters of the North Sea;

• 3)    The delivery of oil into the sea water due to violations of the geological environment. These include selection of natural ingredients from the depths (eg, discharge gas hydrate deposits when the temperature and pressure conditions), allocation associated with accidents due to geological structures bottom causes (submarine slumping, thermo karst phenomena soil erosion).

State fisheries depends on prey. Of particular importance in the definition of oscillation state fisheries have so-called trophic or "food" connection. They are complex in the sea, because the specificity of the habitat of field facilities in the water and on land is significantly different. The difference is that the pelagic -mobile biotope, which moves the whole biocenosis.

The process of the transformation of substances and energy in the ecosystem is predominantly through trophic links (from the Greek. Trofos - food) or by eating some other organisms.

The basis of all food links in the ocean is the primary energo saved a) plankton (plant and animal), b) nekton (only animal), c) the benthos (plant and animal). Plankton is different in that almost incapable of directed horizontal movements in the water, but some species of animal plankton capable of fairly extensive vertical migrations - the seasonal daily, developmental. Especially such migration characteristic of polar waters, where the vertical baroclinicity small.

Nekton representatives can make long-distance horizontal migrations of the thousand miles, that is highly mobile with respect to the environment. And they are characterized by vertical migration.

Benthos is divided into two groups: 1) sedentary, fixed plant and animal or sedentary benthic 2) mi-grantny benthos – the animals of this group are able to fairly extensive migrations along the bottom to 1-2

hundred miles a day, which allows them to move out of the zone of influence of one water mass to another.

Plankton, nekton and benthos are the primary caloric in the food chain. There are several trophic levels usually: 1) the primary producers 2) many copepods and euphausiids crustaceans, mollusks, and a few fish 3) a first-order predators (fish, cephalopods) 4) higher order predators (fish, shellfish, mammals) and etc and the number of the trophic levels can reach seven.

The influence on any link in the trofic chain leads to irreversible consequences.

High productivity of the calorics directly depends on the several factors inanimate: the intensity of solar radiation, the number and turnover of mineral salts, vertical stability of the water masses. In the absence of one of these components energotsen don’t implement condition-potential opportunities. Consequence of operating oil and gas fields can be the oil spill, and the oil film will be a barrier to the penetration of water into the sunlight, which will block the reaction of photosynthesis.

As a result, the oil spill disrupted the natural course of the functioning of the biological community of the reservoir. This can be caused by a breach of some biochemical reactions in cells, which naturally affect the productivity of end links of the food chain.

Assessing the influence of the pollution on marine ecosystems, it is necessary to compare the volume of revenue from all sources, assimilative capacity of the sea. Assimilative capacity of the sea to influence the intensity of water exchange across borders and oceanographic factors: water temperature, horizontal and vertical circulation, ice cover, the rate of biotransformation and deposition of suspended solids. For example, the development of oil fields in the North Sea is especially dangerous, because due to the low water temperatures and air chemical, biochemical and microbiological oxidation is very slow. This leads to significant pollution of sea water and soils in relation to the temperate and tropical zones at the same rate of income.

The entering of the pollutants into the Arctic BED by the several ways:

Deposition from the atmosphere;

Fetching by the ocean currents принос;

Removal of rivers;

Direct discharge from the bank;

Direct burial in the sea.

Pollution can be operational (produced and discharged continuously, albeit in relatively small quantities), and emergency (have sudden nature). The main operational ship pollutants include emissions from power plants sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon, ozone-depleting substances, and noise. These emissions are currently not regulated, but should be considered when assessing the impact of shipping on the environment.

In the areas of oil and gas fields of the offshore pollution completed a physical effect on her, and organisms from pnevmo sources with seismic exploration.

Among the anthropogenic factors that have a negative impact on the BED is commercial fishing. Rapid advances in fishing technology (power ships, high performance gear, etc.), selective removal of the changed property intensively exploited fisheries ecosystems. Commercial stocks of aquatic organisms spontaneously formed mainly by the nature and excessive withdrawal of their fishing area leads to the degeneration of fish, as the remaining individuals did not live up to this size, when they are able to bring a full-fledged offspring.

With the intensive development of fishing technology over the past 40-50 years due to the use of trawls. The most significant damage causes bottom trawling, which is ten times more dangerous than other activities and on the bottom of the extent of damage is greater than all the others combined. It to excessive ocean biosphere can not resist. Is a violation of trophic relationships, and the recovery of any energotsena goes very slowly. The main features of the life of ecosystems - their cycle, which maintain single-celled organisms, communicate in a network of multi-cellular organisms. [5] Violation of the reproduction of the primary organic matter will lead to degradation and possibly even the death of the ecosystem. Consequences of degradation will decrease as the number of non-commercial and commercial facilities and replacement of the aquatic organisms to humans on low-value. The size and diversity of the biological productivity of the fishing area, in this case down and the fishing area will lose relevance.

According to some scholars, one of the problems of unsustainable fishing is fishing during the spawning season. The basic meaning of the words "Putin" is associated with the organization of mass catch of a particular object. Another meaning, revealing the absurdity of such a mass of fishing - a move the fish to spawn. Yes, the effectiveness of fishing during spawning is very high. At such times, the fish becomes vigilant and easily accessible for removal, and the person is not thinking about the consequences of such an "effective fishing" pounced on it with all the means at its disposal.

Against the background of overfishing worsened the negative impact of the introduction of alien invasive species. Today, they are gaining new habitats. For example, crab significantly alters benthic system, affecting thus the primary links in the food chains.

Fishing industry like an element of the social – ecological –economic system

Along with the importance of state regulation and control in the BED should be noted the special role of business entities in the implementation of major tasks outlined in the concept of the development of fisheries.

The concept of sustainable development as a separate entity, not only as market participants, but also as an element of social, economic and natural environment. Accordingly, the management of sustainable development of enterprises in the social, ecological and economic system includes [7]:

set of the principles, methods, means and forms of enterprise management, which ensure the achievement of the economic benefits, social benefits and environmental safety;

the management of the processes of the changes of the company to provide a combination of efficiency with the implementation of the modern concepts of the rational, balanced use of the natural resources, protection of the environment and ensuring social needs.

Fishing enterprises (the link between the social and the ecological component of the socio-ecological-economic system) by its occupations are businesses that operate in an uncertain environment.

The first factor is the uncertainty – it is a state of the fleet. Since 1990 (the fishing industry has lost public support) in the fishing industry and the economy, a sharp decline in investment activity, which does not allow to update the worn-out and obsolete vessels of the fishing fleet. Outdated fleets not only does not allow fishermen to work effectively, but does not meet the criteria of technical, environmental, safety of navigation in the waters of fishing areas. Over the past few years the composition of fishing vessels basic types decreased by an average of 700 units. About 80% of vessels over 20 years old, 90% of fishing vessels of the industry is inefficient and obsolete vessels, designed by 60-80s with very high energy. [2] Performance characteristics have remained at the level of the last quarter century. For example, Russian vessels can catch a day with a maximum of 50-80 tones of fish, whereas Norwegian - from 500 to 1000 tons addition, engines Norwegian vessels spend a ton of fish oil produced 200 kg of fuel, Russia - 400 kg.

Up to this date, provided the state support: subsidizing fisheries organizations and individual entrepreneurs of the cost of the interest on loans for up to five years received the modernization of fishing vessels and lease payments under lease agreements for the purchase of fish processing, refrigeration and processing marine equipment. However, according to many experts, they are insufficient. Require the use of accelerated depreciation for fishing vessels of domestic buildings. Should be exempted from customs duties, as well as providing interest-free installments of the VAT on importation into the customs territory of fishing vessels purchased outside Russia. Should be exempt from VAT conducting ship repair works. Required to obtain a share of quotas FBG as collateral to get loans.

Also it is necessary to upgrade the domestic shipyards. Russian shipbuilding characterized an excess capacity, which is primarily designed for the repair and construction of naval ships. In this case, there is a significant lack of the production capacity, including specialized berth places for construction of large-scale fishing vessels. Due to obsolete technology equipment Russian shipbuilding enterprises can not compete with the ship-building enterprises in Spain, Portugal, China and South Korea.

Another factor of uncertainty, which influence on the efficient operation of the company, is related to the fisheries situation in a given area of the fishery. The economic viability of the fishing enterprises will affect biological productivity of an area of fishing, the quantity and quality of the extracted raw materials (highly liquid, low-value species FBG or requiring high processing). Climate – is the leading natural factor of the dynamics of the marine ecosystems and the formation of biological productivity. Current data of climatic changes in temperature and salinity, such as the Barents Sea, does not indicate a monotonic warming, but the rhythm of climatic fluctuations.

Obviously, that the variations of the bio productivity of the seas defines by the climatic variations. In turn, these variations depend on the productivity of generations of fish, their mortality, and migration routes. For example, in cold years, cod does not make long migrations, its commercial concentrations are located in the southern and south-western parts of the Barents Sea. In warm years cod is widely distributed in the sea area and reaches the limit of its feeding area stations until the coastal waters of Novaya Zemlya in the east and in the north of Upland Perseus. [8]

Remoteness of the fishing area also affects the efficient operation of fishing enterprises. Now the press is much debate over whether the development of the domestic fleet of remote fishing areas. According to many experts, the development of fishing in remote areas of the fishery, need the following conditions:

sufficient and sustained in the future the amount of the available fishing FBG;

the protection of the state, which provides access to these resources, we are interested in fishing areas;

the modern fishing vessels that can operate on the cheap-target species, ie, at a relatively low cost to produce significant amounts of OTC;

the modern factory ship, capable of long-term off-line processing of large catches to lead and provide bunkering fishing fleet;

the transport fleet, providing export products to customers;

strong demand for mined sites.

In Russia, the state does not regulate the price of fish, raw or control services intermediaries for the sale of fish products, which leads to a significant increase in retail prices, which are higher than wholesale at 2-3. This is another factor that influences on the efficiency of fishing enterprises. Significant influence on the formation of producer prices has seasonality of the production, where over a period of time there is a seasonal overproduction, when they go to mass shipments of certain types of the fish products manufacturers, when the wholesale market dictate the prices wholesalers. During this period, does not prevent the sale of the goods, even at a loss to the manufacturer. Thus, the government should regulate the prices of fish products and control of intermediary organizations for their sale. Trade margins on brokering should be regulated.

Raw materials for the production of fish products are perishable, so you need to provide an enabling environment at the discharge port, fast and reliable payment fish. It should be noted that, the recent government and Rosrybolovstvo "control actions" in the fishing industry have led to the positive results, increased catches, poaching catches are smaller, in the reproduction of the FBG is positive. However, the need to improve the efficiency of onshore processing facilities, to develop processing of non explored illiquid OTC, small size of aquatic species and recycled materials. As the fish processing - is the most important unit of the Fisheries Industry, where a bulk of the surplus value of fishery products is necessary for the sustainable development of the economic component of socio-ecological-economic system, we need to develop high-tech industries in the fisheries sector, to improve the quality and range of fish products.

Thus, the fishing industry complex is a socio-ecological-economic system, sustainable development is not possible without government control, regulation and control. Moreover, the state must be controlled in several ways.

The first direction – is the management of the fishery, which should promptly adjust to a constantly changing stock of providing short-term and long-term benefits from its use. According to the Convention on the Law of Nations in 1982, states are required to maintain the harvested species at levels which can produce the maximum sustainable yield. Regulating the use of the biological resources in the Russian EEZ is implemented by the state government, which uses the following methods [1]:

• a)    Quotas

• b)    Tax policy.

• c)    Technical measures

• d)    Biological measures

• e)    Tebiological measures

• f)    The fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated the fishing industry

The second direction - is to ensure the ecological safety. Ecological security must be seen as a system of the measures for the conservation of the Arctic ecosystems, as a principle of environmental management and as a pledge of successful transition to the sustainable development. To ensure the environmental safety, the following tasks [8].

the development of monitoring and pollution in the Arctic, including the study of cross-border transport of pollutants in the region;

the impact study of the problems of the Arctic environment by human activity in the Arctic, the construction and operation of commercial facilities and transportation;

the creation of conditions for the natural reproduction of the biological resources, the protection of fauna and flora, scenic areas and the Arctic ecosystems;

the implementation of measures to compensate of not preventing damage to biological resources as a result of the economic activity in the Arctic;

the increase security in the Arctic zone, preventing accidents at fuel and energy complex and other facilities with the negative consequences for the fragile Arctic environment.

The third direction - is to ensure the necessary conditions for the functioning of the state of the economic component of socio-ecological-economic system - fishing enterprises, as follows:

mandatory provision of this size quotas on aquatic organisms per vessel, which provides not only a break-even operation of the company, but also the complete (optimal) production load specific type of vessel in the fishery of the target species;

creating the necessary conditions for financing the construction of ships. A certain amount of funding it should provide loans. Providing acceptable for ship owners credit terms of building new vessels involves the borrowing of funds for a period of more than 10 years and an interest rate of not more than 7-8% per annum;

changes in tax and customs codes to release the building fishing vessels from the payment of VAT and customs duties for the importation of imported marine component equipment, certified analogues are not made at the Russian enterprises;

reliable and fast payment of fishery products in the port;

intergovernmental agreements on mining resources in remote areas of the ocean;

subsidies on fuel.

In turn, the fishing company as an active participant in the social, ecological and economic systems (fisheries) should form the elements of the mechanism of sustainable development (the accumulation fund, stabilization fund, etc.). Stabilization Fund is essential to mitigate the impact of environmental factors on business operations. It should be used for commercial systems with a large one-time investment of resources in the implementation of the subsequent turnover of the production cycle.

The calculation of the stabilization fund is made individually for each company (using experimental statistics or the opinions of the economic experts') and depends on various factors: the length of the pro- duction cycle, the proportion of equity and debt, the scale of financial flows, cash, the share of the consumption fund in the amount of profits.

Accumulation fund – is the special-purpose fund, which is formed by the contributions from earnings. The fund is earmarked for the development of the production, to fund capital expenditures, expansion and reconstruction of the enterprise, to finance new developments.

Thus, the consideration of sustainable environmental management in industrial fisheries yields currently possible to assess this area in a comprehensive study of the issues and identifies a number of important requirements for socio-ecological-economic system in the future.