Evidence of migration in the region of Transural of the epoch of great migration according to the ceramic materials of the burial grounds

Purpose : The article is devoted to the problems of cultural genesis II-IV centuries AD on the territory beyond the Urals. For this transition period two cultural formations are distinguished: Hun-Sarmatian historical and cultural complex which was formed on the basis of Late Sarmatian in the steppe zone and developing Bakalskaya culture in the forest-steppe zone, which replaced just the previous Sargatskaya culture in the middle of the IV century. The authors of the article relying on the study of ceramic collections are exploring the question of how the superstrate cultural genesis components were similar or different in these areas. Analysis of the forms and manufacturing diverse dishes from six burial grounds of Southern Transural was performed using a binocular microscope in order to compare the characteristics of ceramics with the results previously obtained in forest-steppe selection. Results : In the II-III centuries in Hun-Sarmatian sites of Southern Urals polishing, organic additive for better plasticity of mass, production of narrow-necked jugs and flat-bottomed pots and jars appeared. These pottery techniques were taken from nomads from the Aral Sea region. In the next step of Hun-Sarmatian historical and cultural complex innovations in local ceramic complex appeared in expanding the range of new borrowed forms: frying pans, vases, pitchers, bronze vessels, connected with the prestigious elements of nomadic life. The dominance of flat-bottomed vessels over other vessels in the selections, as well as plenty of direct import of machine-engobed dishes from different parts of Central Asia can be noted. This is probably connected with direct migration of nomadic groups from areas of the Syr Darya river valley. We found similar principles of trinomial construction of ceramics but we do not see the entire consentaneity of molding compounds. Therefore, the question of the sources of the tradition of modeling with the addition of burnt bone remains open. Conclusion : We found a common component part in the archaeological site of forest-steppe and steppe Transural, that is pottery innovation of using burnt bones technology and shapes of mugs, jugs and vases, that can be explained by a wave of migrants who settled from one center, possibly from the foothills of the Tien Shan in the III century. In the southern Urals it is still possible to mark out several relocations of nomads associated with different forms of burial structures and a variety of pottery (jugs, incense burners, boilers, frying pans), originating from the middle and lower areas of the Syr Darya in the III - IV centuries, weakened influence of the latter was also demonstrated in forest-steppe in the form of specific forms of decoration Bakal dishes. We documented that the repeated movement of nomads in the steppe zone and their invasion into forest-steppe introduced innovations into the local pottery production that affected all stages of manufacture of ceramic crockery. It was concluded that along with the original imported samples, the production of a new range of tableware, its molding and decoration was influenced by immigrants themselves who settled on the outskirts of the steppe, and not only by trade in the region that became more extent.