The medieval Russian silver granulation technology illustrated by beads from northeastern medieval Russia: metal and solder composition

The paper provides results of the study aimed to analyze the composition of the metal used to make design elements of Medieval Russia granulation jewelry, namely, five beads from temporal rings and two beads from the necklaces made of fine silver. The study of the metal composition in those regions of the items where the X-ray tomography revealed concentration of metal solder was the first study to identify solder alloys used by medieval silversmiths based on the analysis of a jewelry series.