Tendencies of climatic changes in the arctic for the last half a century

Global climate changes are the main problem for all mankind as the last decades, since 2000 year and till our days occur the abnormal and inexplicable sometimes at first sight the phenomena. And really, about 20-30 years ago scientists did not assume about such fast changes in circulation of heat and moisture.

In 2000 year the Arctic Council which consisted of eight states the having territorial possession in the Arctic, began to prepare the report under the name "Assessment of Impacts of Change of Climates to the Arctic" (ASIA) (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment — ACIA)".

In 2004 year upon completion of these researches the scientific report comprising 18 chapters was prepared in the end of the year. The basis of this report was formed by scientific researches in the field of a research of the modern changes in such main layers and components of our planet as the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, a cryosphere, in an ozone layer, in ecosystems of the land and water. Also influences of these changes on life of indigenous people of the Arctic, on the modern conditions of forest and rural grounds, on various crafts were revealed.

According to this prepared report the following climatic changes having various dynamics and tendencies came to light. Results were taken for the 30-year period, since 1970 for 2000 years which had the following indications: 1) increase of temperature on average on 3 degrees Celsius in concrete Arctic territories – Alaska, a northern part of Canada, and also a northern part of Siberia. This warming shows increase in temperature twice larger, than an average global value;

• 2)    increase in an amount of precipitation in the majority of regions of the Arctic from 10 to 30%;

• 3)    thawing and reduction of sea Arctic ices on average for 10-15%;

• 4)    decrease of the area of snow cover on the land for 10%;

• 5)    reduction of duration of freezing of lakes and rivers of the Arctic;

• 6)    increase of a drain of the rivers of the Arctic [1].

Then, and also with the assistance of the International Arctic scientific committee (IASC), and also with assistance of the International Arctic association of social sciences (IASC) beginning with the same structure of member countries of the Arctic Council to year new researches in the field of more deep studying of components of a cryosphere since 2005 year were conducted and finishing 2010 year .As a result at the end of 2011years the new scientific and estimating report "Snow, water, ice and permafrost in the Arctic" (SWIPA) is published.

For the last six years since 2005 on 2011 years, the following abnormal indicators of various components of the nature also became clear:

• 1)    during this period of time weather was warm for the Arctic. Temperature change began to exceed a world indicator twice, thereby warming proceeded rather quickly.

• 2)    big inflow of warm waters from the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Ocean.

• 3)    influence of pollutions of larger amount of gases, increase in level of greenhouse effect.

There are also opinions of other scientists-researchers on the modern climatic change in the Arctic. There is an opinion that degradation of permafrost because of the accelerating climate change will be displaced in the northern direction, and will be shown in decrease of a seasonal and thawed layer.

In the Arctic Ocean the ice cover considerably will begin to decrease during all 21st century because there will be a gradual or sharp reduction of ices in the Arctic. Only seasonal ice will remain it here in the way, in the Arctic Ocean, in that summer the Arctic will be the free from sea ice.

It is impossible to call such ideas of future changes in climate of the Arctic absolutely precise, moreover they were not shown in that due measure with what their scientists describe in the scientific works. Of course, anthropogenous impacts on a climatic situation are considered and emphasized too. But precise data and results of the estimated modern threats to the Arctic are not absolutely clear up to the end yet.

There are open and unresolved such questions:

• 1)    what will occur with Arctic oceans its ecosystems if to a fresh-water drain the thawing ice and the increased river flow increases?

• 2)    how the ice board of Greenland can quickly thaw?

• 3)    how changes in a cryosphere of the Arctic will affect climate of the globe?

• 4)    how changes will influence the population and economy of the Arctic?

Having considered all main questions it is possible to draw a conclusion that: the modern researches in the field of studying of climatic states in the Arctic will lead to an in-depth and careful study of emergence of so important reasons of changes.

It is necessary and to use further the obtained data of the international scientific reports which during the particular period will fix changes in climate of the Arctic [2].