Theoretical foundations of linguistics: an overview of key linguistic theories and their historical evolution

This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the theoretical foundations of linguistics, focusing on the historical development and key features of major linguistic theories such as structuralism, generative grammar, and functionalism. It delves into how these theories have shaped our understanding of language structure, function, and evolution over time. By examining the contributions of influential linguists like Ferdinand de Saussure, Noam Chomskyand Kapar Zulpukarov the article highlights the distinct perspectives each theory offers on language as a system, its creative potential, and its role in communication. Additionally, it discusses the debates and critiques surrounding these theories, underscoring their ongoing relevance in contemporary linguistic research.