Territorial explication of the North as a conglomerate of local environments

Defining spatial parameters, their typology is a necessary condition analysis of the essence of social processes. In science, the notion of "type" has several meanings: a model of a group of objects, the highest systematic category, or one in the sciences; individual is endowed with characteristic properties, etc. Accordingly, the typology of the classification of objects by means of any common traits. In sociology, a number of individual characteristics is regarded as public property, a dis- tinct group of people. In turn typology is treated as a case study method based on identifying similarities and differences in a number of social objects and methods for their identification, stable combinations of properties of social phenomena in the system variables and their groups through an idealized model. The conceptual approaches of modern territorial typologies are based on the aims and objects of study. The most common are the economic and geographic typology of spatial systems [1]. Geographical typology based on the topological properties of the territories. In this case, the "North" is seen as an area bounded by physical and geographical parameters. Assigned to the Far North, the territory of Russia are located in the latitudinal range from 82 to 44 degrees. This option is not directly related to the social typology, as it is only the physical space.

Within the geographical typology Canadian geographer LE Amslen investigated the problem of zoning and typology of the North on the basis of systematic assessment of the territory. To do this, Mesnil number of physical and geographical and economic and geographic characteristics: geographical latitude, the temperature of the warmest month, the duration of freezing conditions, the duration of seasonal freezing of the soil; rainfall, the extent of forest cover, density of population, of economic development, the level of production costs. For each feature set the degree of "development" of the area in points. Methodology LE Amslena approved in the United States, Canada, Western Europe, and has been widely used in the calculation of salary supplements of workers employed in manufacturing in the North.

Typology of economic systems based on indicators of regional development: GRP per capita income, social and industrial infrastructure, the role of the base of industries in the areas of specialization. In domestic practice known economic typology, based on the criteria inaccessibility by land and limited "time of importation". Known and zoning typology based on the refractive average per capita budget revenues and expenditures, evaluation of factors affecting the revenue and expenditure of the regional budgets, as well as on the evaluation of the minimum subsistence level.

Differentiation of the territories under the terms of human life is closer to the social typology. In the North, Russia is most often a sign of discomfort is the temperature, range of other meteorological factors. Unease environment is considered in such forms of its manifestation as environmental (weak ability to heal itself natural systems), biological (comparative poverty of species), geotechnical (permafrost). Typology of the northern territories is based in this case, by severity of climatic conditions. Areas of the "northern" are defined according to the integrated effects of the environment on living conditions and production. Through various methods - indexing, ranking and other GMAT - the European North of Russia there are three zones: the absolutely uncomfortable, including arctic subzone (0.8 million sq. km.); Extremely uncomfortable and uncomfortable (the total area of 11.4 million square meters. km). In the area of absolute discomfort includes the Nenets Autonomous District, part of the territory of the Murmansk Region, Republic of Komi (Vorkuta and Inta). [2] This typology developed by the Kola Science Centre RAS, is an instrumental orientation. It solved the problem of determining the amount of compensation for increased costs for production and livelihood of the population and was the basis of the Federal Law "On the zoning of the Russian North", prepared Goskomsever Russia by the Government of the Russian

Federation (№ 107-r dated 1/19/92., And number 1664 from 31.12 .97). It is easy to see that this typology, as mentioned above, are of the economic direction, where there is a bias towards typology of objects, often the opposite of the person.

Private typology of the northern territories. These include:

• a)    Type of the Far North by difficult access (land) and the limited duration of importation;

• b)    Еypology on average per capita budget revenues and expenditures, the assessment of factors affecting the income and expenses of the regional budgets;

• c)    Type of the Far North by the required minimum level of subsistence.

Such typology solved the problems of Northern Development and partially - rehabilitation of the northern territories during the past reforms in 1990-2000. However, during the stabilization of the economy required new approaches to the zoning of the northern territories, aimed at the socio-economic development of the regions.

Bioclimatic typology has received recognition from many researchers, based on the results of basic research psychologists, biologists, immunologists and [3, p. 51). To evaluate the climatic factors used bioclimatic index of severity of the meteorological regime (Bismil), the length of day and night, the heating season and other factors. [4]

Typology of the northern territories for the administrative and geographical base. The Ministry of Regional Development of the experts invited to contribute Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (Russian Arctic), which include subjects of the federation, geographically adjacent to the Arctic Ocean.

In general typology of the northern territories of Russia aimed at specific case studies. Among them - the specification range of regions that receive financial support in the framework of the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Guarantees and indemnifications of people working and living in the Far North and equivalent areas" of February 19, 1993 № 4520-1 (as revised Federal Law of January 8, 1998 number 4-FL), the definition of the list of areas with a limited duration of delivery, having the right to claim by virtue of that for federal aid for the supply of the products [5, p. 14].

Part of the typology of the northern territories affected by the social and cultural issue - the survival of Indigenous People of the North. In the North, Siberia and the Far East residence vayut 40 of 45 Indigenous People of the Russian Federation included in the Common List of Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation. V.G. Loginov said that "... for the authorities and county data for businesses of indigenous peoples pose some problems in the industrial and the transport development areas. This is due to the fact that in areas where minority peoples are claiming their rights to the natural resources that are the basis of the preservation of their traditional way of life, and the territory in which they are engaged in the traditional activities "[5, p. 21]..

But it's not just "noise" in the development of the northern territories. It is well known that the unique culture of northern ethnic groups is of global importance. As long as they receive less attention than the preservation of the Siberian tiger, although the number per square kilometer, some indigenous peoples of the North almost equaled the rare inhabitants of the northern territories. The situation is repeated as the protection of goats in the United States, described in the book of W. Douglas "Three hundred war" in which the author regrets that animal protection is given more attention than the protection of the individual.

Thus, as the analysis of the problems of the northern territories, their typology is mainly determined by the interests of the development of natural resources. The term "development" of meanings: it is a process of the interaction between society and nature, the process of development of resources ", the process of socio-economic development process of the productive forces, etc. The most comprehensive definition of the development in the economic theory suggested that KP Kosmachev [6]. Under the economic development of the territory of the author understands the inclusion in the national economy of new areas that perform various sectors of the economy. A full development involves the incorporation into national economic turnover throughout the maximum possible (at this economic level) using its natural potential. In this case, the "natural basis of the territory is modified, enriched with technical facilities of some kind, and combinations thereof." In the development of ideas, KP Kosmacheva researchers determine the types of territories on the basis of their degree of assimilation: reserve land, pioneer of economic development, development of the territory and the territory of the fading. As indicators of such a typology of isolated population dynamics, its natural and mechanical growth, migration turnover, employment, age and gender structure, the level of the social development and industrial production, the objects of investment in fixed capital and non-production.

The very process of land development can be seen in the space-time coordinates in relation to the qualitative changes in the northern environment. V.N. Lazhentsev out the following steps. 1. Penetration (spontaneous and gradual promotion of people to new places in order to obtain the resources of life, sufficient to reproduce it). 2. Resettlement (organized by transient people moving to a new residence with the hope of freedom and benefits). 3. Redeployment (shift of production to other points of growth due to resource depletion previous employers). 4. Economic intervention (organized seizure of territory and its resources with a view to joining them to different markets). 5. Managed integration (specialization of industries and regions and their cooperation) [7, p. 2631].

A new approach to understanding the process of the development of the northern territories is the idea that the focus is not on the resource-production and infrastructure - especially transport (VG Loginov, 2007). In the socio-economic terms, the author identifies three areas. The first direction is not necessarily accompanied by increased development of the territory. The second direction is the case because of the strategic importance of transport or territory. The third area - economic development and "living" on the northern areas, carried out by the interaction of three processes: industrial development, transport, construction and occupancy. In all three areas, along with the author of the natural resource potential considering social and industrial potential, the components of which, by the present author, are the human potential, population and labor force, and social infrastructure. There is a turn-known concept of Northern Development to the person, not only as a subject but as an object implementing social and economic policies. The author offers guidance on the evaluation of the social consequences of the development areas of the North and the formula for estimating the damage from the inevitable lack of use of the social infrastructure (nedoamortizatsii factor) for each social sphere of housing, education and early childhood education, health care, cultural and community service [8, p. 17-20]. In our opinion - is the first step in understanding the new paradigm of Northern politics - habitation areas.

The beginning of this stage of development of the northern territories can be considered in 2003, when it was formed Scientific Council on the coordination of research on the development of the regions (Decree of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on April 29, 2003 № 145). At the council had drawn attention to the need for national approach to the problems of the North, accumulated over many decades, and especially during the period of economic liberalization and the transition to a market economy. State approach was justified in the collective work of famous scientists - Academician AG Granberg, corresponding members of the VN Lazhentseva, AA Makarov, VV Filippova, FN Yudakhin, Ph.D. AN Pilyasova et al. [4] According to the authors, "a total paradigm shift" from the development of a habitation "and suggests a clear change: the use of natural and human resources to their reproductive system, from the almost complete removal of produced capital is the materialization of a large part of its on-site, from mono-to polispetsializatsii on the basis of scientific and technological innovation, from the translation of foreign ideas to develop their own, of state paternalism to coordinate all actors of economic and social activity and other ways of life, language, culture, health, people of the North should be seen as self-worth, heritage world civilization " (emphasis added - AD, VU) [4, p. 5]

The new paradigm of "habitation" of the territory does not mean abandoning the concepts of "resource development". In economics and economic policy remains imperative nordifikatsii, devices to the harsh and difficult economic conditions in the economy through the introduction of northern engineering and technology, minimizing support and service industries, finding the best forms of work organization. In the socio-economic sphere - enabling the rehabilitation and development of social infrastructure, taking into account the climatic conditions. In the political sphere - the development of the local government in thinly populated areas, poorly developed communications. However, the main idea of the paradigm of "habitation" is to orient all the regions of the North, except the Arctic. for permanent residence, a variety of internal sources of livelihood, the geographical division of labor and the equivalent exchange. The process of implementing the idea of "habitation" northern territories is difficult to imagine without the expanded reproduction of the human and social capital.

Methodological analysis of the factors in the transition from the "development of a habitation" northern territories involves consideration of social typology adequate territorial. The problem of such a reduction is that the social typology is based on the categories of other, different from the economy of the discourse, which implies a higher abstraction is promising to provide a logical link all human activities in a particular area. This property, in our opinion, has the concept of local media, the proposed V.N. Lexin and E. Andreeva [9, p. 34]. It opens the possibility of an integrative approach to the typology of the Northern Territories. Such an approach we call environmental typology. The idea of locality among developing J. Szczepanski. Territorial communities he called those communities, "the members of which are linked by common relationship to the territory in which they reside and ties of relations arising from the fact of living in the commons" [10, p. 160]. By territorial collectivities author includes city, town, village, hamlet, a separate area of the city, in some aspects, and the state. The advantage of environmental typology, in our view, is the following: 1) the environmental typology provides a holistic vision of the environment and places it in the local society. Overcome "the ghosts of the cave" and "the ghosts of the market" as an attribute of human nature (Bacon), 2) environmental typology allows the researcher to focus on relationships and relationships of society, determining the structure of community, and 3) environmental typology gives the scientific research and practical work in the North humanistic tone, and 4) environmental typology of the scientific research focuses on the hierarchy of the local media with their species characteristics and tribal entities. We dare to say that regional sociology without analyzing environment, including nature, human community, is meaningless. This triad is not the main and secondary links. There being elements of the environment. This is a "person" - an individual or a group of people with common interests enter into relations with the "society" and "nature." "Society" - a variety of human-social relations and relationships with "nature." "Nature" - is the natural basis of the existence of "man" and "society" (V.N. Lexin, E.N. Andreeva, 1993). Heuristic potential environmental model study of the northern territories is its thorough methodological soundness.

The methodology involves the knowledge of the environment of its spatial localization. The complexity of this procedure is that in the broad, philosophical understanding of the category "environment" spaceless. The reduction of this phenomenon at the local level creates a contradiction between the whole and the part. The authors of the study environmental model space solve this contradiction, inherent in a global environment, using the spatial non-uniformity (internal differentiation) phenomena and processes. This differentiation "creates a potential for spatial partitioning of the global environment in the local area. Spatially localized environments (zones - AD, VU) can and should be treated as specific clots sredovye common space where the interconnection and interdependence, internal conflicts and common environmental elements manifest themselves in peculiar and acute forms "[9, p. 13].

To study the social typology of the northern area, to identify socio-cultural type "north" person "environmental" approach is appropriate and logically justified by its refunding by environmental relations, "life environment - is being environmental elements, taken in the environmental relations" (VN Lexin , Andreeva, EN, 1993). As a spatially localized environment can be a designated area on the criteria of administrative division (municipality, subject of the federation and the federal district), ethnicity (permanent residence ethnic group) in terms of resource development and other spatially localized environment of the North as an object of knowledge involves a certain set problem sites, the selection of which is determined by the objectives of the study. Depending on the purpose of the study may be elected part of the territory, which has all the hallmarks of a. Authors environmental model used in this case, the concept of "local territorial unit." And clarify its important features. The first feature is that the environment is not just a "territory" - the common, recognized, easily understood form of geographical space, where human activity is carried out, is there a self-sufficient community and defining the nature of people's lives. The local territorial unit - Allocated for certain purposes of the study part of the social, natural, economic, infrastructural, cultural, historical, actually building the spatial existence and development of the system. This piece has all the hallmarks of a. The second feature is that the local territorial unit, not just a "system" is generally understood as a kind of "unity", "integrity". This concept is more spacious because of the conventional boundaries of the object of their potential mobility, uncertainty, instability, konglomerantnosti and openness. In such a case, the authors of environmental models suggest that "local territorial entities are the original type of system-konglomerantnyh structures for which the" unity "and" integrity "should primarily be seen as an ideal state [9, p. 19]. These features make it difficult to select the object and the correct description of the set of real substructures with their relationships and quantitative levels of expression. However, the authors of the accumulated experience of the analysis of the environmental models northern environment, diagnosis and the detection of the environmental regulators confirm efficiency of the proposed methodology.

Use of this paradigm shift in the pattern of the northern environment is reasonably. First, the concept of "nature" as well as other similar categories, changes in the content, concretized. In antiquity, the "nature" had two meanings: beings as such, and the inner essence of things. Classical philosophy, focused on the knowledge of the public, has created a concept of nature as an objective reality, distanced from the person and society. Only in modern times nature has meaning "nature" - the natural existence of things and becomes the subject of science. Today, nature is used in three ways: as all things, as the natural and built environment, the inner essence of things. The ambiguity of the term deprives the definition of the object of the study. Second, widely used in the various sciences definition of the "environment» a priori gives top priority to the natural, without specifying as to its meaning. Third, the very nature as a natural being, connected with "the environment" - man, society and the products of their work. Thus, the researcher has to deal with three interrelated objects - nature as a natural existence of things and events, the individual and society. Reducing the philosophical category of the level of specific sciences, exploring the individual and society, in our view, it is quite productive "environmental" approach.

Meanwhile, the analysis of the works related to social typology shows that the well-known publications, dissertation studies Russian and foreign authors of the concept of "environment" today as a quarter of a century ago, is seen as a natural material, physical world around the person. Research potential of this approach is limited. On the contrary, the authors represent a paradigm of the local environment as "a set of the processes and phenomena of the personal, social and natural factors, grouped by time and specific spatial boundaries," opens up new possibilities in the modeling of habitation of the northern territories.

We note another important moment in the "environmental" approach to modeling processes habitation northern territories. The interaction between man and nature has historically been three stages: the mythological (subordination of human nature), Science and Technology (the domination of man over nature), an emerging today dialogic (harmony of man and nature). Harmonious integrity - "the connection, harmony, perseverance" - is a unity of diversity, consistency of form and content of the object, proportionality and ordering parts of the whole. According to the paradigm of local environments, it is important to build social typology based on the principles of sustainability and harmonious whole. In this case, stability means that the main part of the elements of the localized environment "nerazrushayusche connected with other so that it can maintain or improve the existing potential of this group of elements and (to some extent) as a whole "[9. 1617].

"Environmental" approach to modeling the processes of "habitation" northern territories meets the trends of humanization, gaining integrity holistic worldview. Abandoned during the period of the "development" of nature are now becoming popular socio-humanitarian values. The essence of these reflect the imperatives of post-non science, formulated by NN Mosaic: 1) the imperative of a sustainable society - the "velocity of change of the environment surrounding humanity, should not exceed the rate of adaptation to it", 2) environmentally imperative - "reconciling humanity to his activities with the capabilities of the biosphere of the planet, with the ability to ensure the continuation of the development ", and 3) the moral imperative -" what was acceptable in the past, today is unacceptable ". [11] Thus, the "environmental" view of the world, to paraphrase Paul Ricoeur thought, lets make a "humanistic inoculate" the human mind is involved in the development of the life-world, including in the "settling in" the northern territories.

Voiced by the politicians, scientifically based the idea of the 'habitation areas ", in our opinion, contains a number of the contradictions, which decision ahead.

The first contradiction. On the one hand, declared that "all the States of the North, except the Arctic, will be developed on the basis of a fixed place of the residence." On the other hand, today in the Arctic indigenous population (old-) population (born in the Arctic). This Murmansk region, the city of Tyumen Oblast, Chukotka, etc. In addition, in the Arctic region inhabited small people of the North. Does the declaration of the temporary accommodation of this category of the northerners, their migration to more favorable areas and the inevitable shift to shift method work? International and domestic experience shows that a clear answer to this question is no. If we consider this dilemma from the economic perspective, in a market economy, many northern regions, especially the Arctic, were not viable, ineffective. Have you seen the resettlement program "excess" human resources in inhabited areas. The authors of these projects have noted that there is "absolute" overpopulation - the unemployed, disabled pensioners, etc. - And "relative" overpopulation -a consequence of inefficient use of manpower, obsolete technology, engineering, production, its irrational structure. Estimated that by the beginning of the reforms absolute overpopulation was 1.9 million. or 13% of the total population [12, p. 78]. Since the beginning of reform began spontaneous migration when checking out mainly skilled personnel. A non-working population remained. The state shares the relocation of the northerners did not give the desired effect. The second aspect of the problem - whether inevitable shift method in the process of the development of the northern territories? There is no single answer to this question is also no. As there is no similar forms in shifts. One option that is used for the production of the hydrocarbons - oil and gas fields arrangement, delivery workers from outside the federal subject. Another option - involvement of the seasonal work. The third option - the intra-watch (Yakut experience). They are the basic foundation of the city, workers' settlements. The fourth option is the experience of Indigenous Peoples of the North - a seasonal encampment and return at some time in the base camps. Each one of them is the result of an experienced (by trial and error) to find the optimal model of human activity. Scientific evidence of the advantages and disadvantages of a particular model does not exist. Scientific substantiation of the optimal choice of forms of habitation area involves a comprehensive assessment of the experience. We believe that such an audit is possible not so much based on an economic approach, but rather on the basis of the territorial-environmental analysis. Choosing imperative can only be based on a thorough study of the elemental base, the maximum possible amount of the connections and relationships locally and territorial environment. You can formulate a hypothesis: the forms of development of the northern territories by best value for money and results depend on the characteristics of the local environment: natural and human resources, rational distribution of productive forces, the level of clustering, the level of infrastructure development, work motivation, quality of life, social and cultural factors.

The second contradiction of the idea of "habitation area." On the one hand, it is declared that all the regions of the North, except the Arctic, will be developed based on a variety of internal sources of livelihood. On the other hand, at the regional level and at the local level are enhanced regional development disparities in the North, the local media in the northern region. At the same time remains a taboo in the redistribution of income earned by the state through the development of natural resources. Back in 1996, the President of the Russian Federation (Decree of 3 June 1996, number 803) were approved by the "Summary of the regional policy of the Russian Federation", where as one of the main goals was to determine the "leveling the socio-economic development of the regions." However, the risk of a particularly acute crisis of social, economic, environmental, and other situations are not resolved. The cause of excessive differentiation of areas on the level and quality of life in the reform period was the inability of the state to fulfill its role of safeguarding the constitutional rights of citizens. This is according to the average length of life in the individual subjects of the federation with different climatic conditions, the average monthly income of the population, and the average salary including social benefits, the cost of a set of basic foodstuffs and its relation to the average wage, the analysis of other indicators of quality of life [ 13, p. 34-35]. State policy of "leveling" as erasing the differences in the level and quality of life, bring them to the national average, is used in a variety of scales. Especially depressing look disparities in the development of the local environment at the municipal level. At a time when a large portion of the rent is remitted to the state, the remaining savings are redistributed to the major cities, regional, national centers, the market economic mechanism does not show adequate social responsibility, trust in the ability of self-development areas at least unrealistic. In many municipalities in the northern regions of abnormally high regional differentiation for a long time will be saved. Here, we can not development, not of expanded reproduction, settling in new areas, and the rehabilitation of the living environment. Domestic sources for the rehabilitation of the environment are not enough. During this period, at least continue to be necessary to address state aid. Part of the problem is solved in the form of the social projects.

The third contradiction paradigm of the "habitation area." On the one hand there is the imperative of the development of the northern regions based on the geographical division of labor, the equivalent trade. On the other hand there is a direct relationship geographical (territorial) division of labor with the territorial distribution of the social production to the extent that the exchange of the results of productive activity between different localities. In the sparsely populated northern regions and even within a single municipality (local division of labor) in extremely poor transport infrastructure territorial division of labor is extremely difficult. The exceptions are the clusters de-

ters indicates the temporary nature of their existence. As the depletion

fined by the author of the idea of industrial clustering - Michael Porter as "a geographically limited group of companies, suppliers, service providers and associated institutions of the social-related relationship of different types" [14, p. 109]. The predominant in the north of the existing resource-specialized clus- of the natural resources clusters disintegrate. The remaining population, whose intention - survival.

Problem division of labor and residence in the territories of Indigenous Peoples of the North, engaged in domestic production, domestic crafts. Indian labor is aimed at meeting the needs of the family. There remain many features, playback goes back to ancient times - primitive tools, ritual nature of certain production processes. Largely archaic and production complex, which includes a dressing hides, processing of bone, stone, wood, shape, spinning, weaving, blacksmithing. Features of the resettlement of small peoples of the North, preserved in many ways peculiar way of life, a natural production does not contribute the equivalent barter. Even the real-life crossindustry division of labor - reindeer herding, fishing - the equivalent of commodities makes it difficult because of the weak competitiveness of the goods and infrastructure development. Only government subsidies rescue reindeer from ruin. In the reform period, when the state could not supported this industry, reindeer suffered losses of catastrophic proportions that made the situation worse.

Thus, called contradictions do not raise the question of the feasibility of the concept of habitation area. In our opinion, these contradictions are likely indication of the complexity of the idea. In ac- tual practice, such contradictions "are removed." It is important to choose the best method of implementing the idea. Such methods we have assigned to "environmental" approach. His dignity, in particular, is that a localized environment may be considered at the level of the region, the municipality, a separate settlement. Elements and the connection between the environments are explored in a certain structure in the relationship, and in all their complexity. Spatial boundaries of the local environment can be determined depending on the purpose of the scientific research.