The analysis of the effect of growth-promoting factors on the initial stage of evolution of the winter wheat

In Russia the winter wheat occupies the greatest cultivated areas; it is a lloca te d o n 1 1 million in hectares, and is the basic food crop. In the Orel r egio n i t a lso occu p ie s a lea d in g position among grain-crops (fig. 1), it is 40- 4 6 ,5 % fr o m th e ir cu ltiv a te d ar ea s [1].

Years

Figure 1 - The squares of planting of a winter wheat in the Orel regi o n i n 2008-2012.

However in range at winter wheat cultivation there are not solved p r o b lem s : not stable yielding ability on years (fig. 2.) and poor quality of a pellet [2].

For the solution of the indicated problems deduction of new quality, and also development of more up-to-date system of the organizational and agrotechnical measures routed on building of a favorable conditions for growth and evolution of plants, preventing of crop failure from affecting of unfavorable environmental factors, protection of plants against pests and diseases is required.

Figure 2 - Yields of a winter wheat in the Orel region in 2008- 20 1 2.

The major object for obtaining high and stab le h a r ves ts of a w in ter wh e at w it h high quality of a pellet, is obtaining of well-tim ed va lu a b le a n d a m ica b le s h o o ts of o p tim um de n sity. T he r efo re th e p ro b le m of b o o st or of in h ib itio n o f in tergr o w th of s e e d s a n d p r o ce sses happening in them is actual both in idealised, and in the practical r a ti o . No w th e m os t pe r s pe ctive proc es sing m e th od is the me th o d of a p r e t r e a t m e n t of s e e d s a f u ngicid e , together with application of growth-promoting factors [3,4,5].

The diverting of any vital factor results in modification of s tr u c tu r e of cells causes s he a r s in in te n sity a n d a d ir e ctiv ity o f a su b s ta n c e e x ch a n ge . S u ch f luctua tio n s p e rfo rm e d a t ea r ly sta ge s of g r o w th a n d e v o lu tio n o f p la n ts , i n its gr e ate st p lia b ility an d a se n sib ility ca n exercise a dominant influence on passing of further phases of evolu tio n [ 3,6 ,7]. T her ef ore th e purpose of our probes was: to study the effect of growth- prom oting f acto r s o n an in itia l sta ge of evolution of a winter wheat.

For the solution of this problem it was necessary to carry out the fo llo win g objects: to fix the effect of growth- p r om ot in g fa ctor s o n a n em e rgen c e r ate an d la bo r a tor y g erm in a ting seeds of a winter wheat against a fungicide; to study the effect of g r o w th -promoting factors on a length of sprouts and roots of plant le ts of s e ed s o f a w in te r w h e a t; to specify the effect of growth-promoting factors on pulp of roots and sprouts of plantle t s of se e d s of a w in ter wheat; to display the effect of a p r et r e a t m e nt o f s e ed s of a w in te r w h e a t b y gr o w th -promoting factors and a fungicide on sustainability of plants to diseases.

INSTALLATIONS AND RESEARCH TECHNIQUES

The breed win te r w h e a t M o scow 3 9 w a s a su b j e ct of in qu ir y . T h e p r o d u c e d breed has been recommended to cultivation in the Orel region in 2011. [8]. T h e bree d is middleripening, a vegetative period is 305-308 days. The height of plants is 91-100 sm. The tuft is interim, the straw is hollow of average width, flag-formed le af h a s a w ax co at ing. T h e e ar is spindle, of medium-density, white; the beards are straight lines of 6- 7 s m . l e n g th . The grain is red of ovate form. The eviscerated weight is 34-42 g. The Originator - th e SSU of SRUAS of the central areas of nonblack soil zone.

According to data of «Rosselkchozcentre» on the Orel r egio n , ph y t oe x p e r tize of seeds has determined an infection rate a num be r o f d ise a se s: f u ngi of s tem Alternaria - 8%, Penicillium - 2%. Almost 4% of seeds have appeared sub-sta n dard on germ i na tin g ca p a ci ty .

In experience the following growth-promoting factors were studied:

• -    An albite - operating material: a natural biopolmer weed-beta- cur r e nt ga in f a c to r-hidroxybutiric acid from soil bacteria Bacillus megateriu and P se u dom o n a s a ur e of a cie n s. Specimen also make up: m a g ne siu m s ulp h a te, a p o ta ssiu m p h o sp h a te, a p o ta ssiu m n itr ic acid, a urea a n d a co n i fe r e x tr a c t. Th e a lb ite d oe s n o t m a in ta in a liv e m icr o -organisms. The registrant: Open Company NPF «Albite» (Russia, Pustchino ) ( a r egistr atio n n umber: 168609-107-150-0-0-3-1).

• -    Novosil - natural growth regulator, operating material - triterpene acids (50 g/l), firs received from needles Siberian. Registrants of a specimen are Novosibirsk institute of organic chemistry of N. N. Vorozhtsova of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science and FSEP a software «the Electrochemical production plant», Zelenogorsk(a registration number 09-00535-0063 (0120,0371,0680)-1).

• -    Rostock - a natural humic specimen from peat. The registrant: FSEM HPE «Tyumen SAA» (a registration number 0086-06-210-024-0-0-0-1).

• -    A burgee - a complex synthetic specimen contact-systemic action, operating material: humic acids, the sodium salts. The registrant: «Apron plain» (a registration number: 2048-10111-424-0-0-3-0).

For more objective matching of efficiency of growth-promoting factors we used a microfertilizer - Aquamix- the water-soluble complex of micronutrient elements in the chelate form (Mo and B - inorganic). The registrant: Open Society «Bujsky chemicals plant» (a registration number: 0159-06-203-011-0-0-0-1).

All growth-promoting factors and microfertilizer were learnt against fungicide Kinto Duo - a disinfectant of seeds; a slurry concentrate; operating material: Prokchloraz, Tritikonazol (20 + 60 g/l). The registrant: BASF.

Tasks in view in the laboratory two-factor experience included under the scheme (tab. 1) were decided. Probes were spent in lab of stand of farming agriculture of faculty of agrobusiness and ecology of OSAU. Expenditure rates of specimens: Albite - 40 ml/t; Novosil-50 ml/t; Rostock - 0,5l/t; Burgee - 0,5 l/t; Aquamix- 100 g/t; Kinto- Duo - 2l/t.

Efficiency of operation of specimens on an evolution initial stage was sized up on following indexes: an emergence rate, laboratory germinating capacity, a length of roots and sprouts of plantlets, pulp of roots and sprouts of plantlets, and also infection rate exciters of diseases [9]. Agency of operation of specimens on intensity of growth of roots and sprouts of plantlets sized up by measurement by measurement of their length at a germination of seeds in filter paper coils. At the count of an emergence rate plantlets from a bed did not reject, them abandoned 4 repeated measurements 4 a germination test. 4 a seedling evaluation and germinating capacity read off three samples on 50 seeds in each.

Effects of experiences exposed mathematical treatment by an analysis of variance [10].

RESULTS OF RESEARCH

Our experience has displayed, that growth-promoting factors and a fungicide have rendered material effect on winter wheat germination energy, and the effect from their interacting on the produced data is not detected (tab. 1).

Table 1 - The effect of growth-promoting factors and a fungicide on an emergence rate and laboratory germinating seeds of a winter wheat of quality «Moscow 39»

Growth-promoting factor (factor A)	Energy of sprouting, %			Laboratory germinating capacity, %
	Fungicide (factor B)		Averages under the factor A (НСР 0,5 =0,8)	Fungicide (factor B)		Averages under the factor A (НСР 0,5 =1,4)
	-	2 l. on 1t.		-	2 l. на 1t.
Control	86	87	86,5	89	89	89
Albite	92	91	91,5	97	96	96,5
Novosil	90	89	89,5	93	93	93
Burgee	92	90	91	96	96	96
Aquamix	88	86	87	91	91	91
Rostock	90	89	89,5	94	92	93
Averages under the factor B and AB	89,7	88,7	89,2	93,3	92,8	93,1
	(НСР 0,5 =1,4)			(НСР 0,5 =0,8)

So the greatest efficiency is ensured with the Albite and the Burgee on 7,5%, and 7% accordingly above monitoring. The seed treatment a fungicide has produced an increase only on monitoring; joint application with stimulating agents has reduced an emergence rate data. Growth-promoting factors have rendered material effect on laboratory germinating seeds of a winter wheat (tab. 1). The greatest increase on germinating capacity in comparison with monitoring the Albite of 7,5% and the Burgee ensures of 7%. Application of a fungicide does not produce increases, and in alternatives with application of the Albite, the Sprout this index on 1% and 2% accordingly reduces. Thus, in our experience fungicide application reduces data of an emergence rate and laboratory germinating capacity.

Also growth-promoting factors, a fungicide and their interacting have rendered material effect on a length of sprouts of plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat (tab. 2). The greatest increase is ensured with the Albite, the Burgee, Rostock - 1,8 mm, 2,1 mm, 1,6 mm accordingly in comparison with monitoring. The produced stimulating agents ensure an extreme length of sprouts and against a fungicide in comparison with monitoring. However application of growth-promoting factors in the pure state produces larger effect in comparison with their application against a fungicide. Therefore, treatment of seeds by a fungicide renders stress on winter wheat plantlets.

Table 2 - The effect of a fungicide and growth-promoting factors on a length of sprouts and roots of plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat

Growth-promoting factor (factor A)	Length of sprouts, mm			Length of roots, mm
	Fungicide (factor B)		Averages under the factor A (НСР 0,5 =0,6)	Fungicide (factor B)		Averages under the factor A (НСР 0,5 =3,5)
	-	2 l/ 1t.		-	2 l/ 1t.
Control	11,7	9,2	10,5	41,5	39,6	35,6
Albite	13,3	12,5	12,9	39,3	53,5	46,4
Novosil	12,5	11,9	12,2	38,6	52,7	45,7
Burgee	14,1	13,5	13,8	45,4	54,2	49,8
Aquamix	10,2	11,5	10,9	45,3	54,9	50,1
Rostock	13,4	13,2	13,3	58,0	53,6	55,8
Averages under the factor B and AB	12,5	12,0	12,3	44,7	49,8	47,3
	(НСР 0,5 =0,39)			(НСР 0,5 =1,2)

Except a length of sprouts growth-promoting factors, a fungicide and their interacting exercise a significant influence and on a length of roots (tab. 2). All growth-promoting factors and Aquamix ensure essential increases in comparison with monitoring, but the greatest is produced by Sprout application - 20,2 mms, Aquamix - 14,5 mms, the Burgee - 14,2 in comparison with monitoring. Application of a fungicide does not produce an increase, however growth-promoting factors against a fungicide produce an essential increase at application Aquamix - 19,3 mms, the Burgee - 18,6 mms, Rostock - of 18 mms. Therefore, application of growth-promoting factors exercises a significant influence on a length of sprouts and roots, and their application against a fungicide renders an inhibiting effect on a length of sprouts and a promoting effect on a length of roots.

The produced appearance is very relevant at intergrowth of seeds as allows forecasting and ensuring livelier growth and developing of plants.

Growth-promoting factors, fungicide and their interacting have rendered material effect and on pulp of sprouts (tab. 3).

The greatest increase in comparison with monitoring the Albite 0,0015g, the Burgee -0,015g. Application of a fungicide of an increase has not produced. At joint application with fungicide Novosil and Aquamix effect have not produced, while the Albite, the Burgee and Rostock have produced an increase 0,006g in comparison with monitoring.

In our experience growth-promoting factors have rendered material effect on pulp of roots of seeds of a winter wheat, however application of a fungicide and their interacting of effect has not produced (tab. 3). The greatest increase is ensured with the Albite 0,025, the Burgee-0,015 in comparison with monitoring. Novosil, Rostock and Aquamix yield to the Albite and the Burgee on pulp of roots of seeds of a winter wheat.

Table 3 - The effect of a fungicide and growth- prom o t i n g f a ct ors on p ul p of sprouts and roots of plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat «Moscow 39»

Growth-promoting factor (factor A)	Pul		p of sprouts, g	Pul p of r oots, g
	Fungicide (factor B)		Averages under the factor A (НСР 0,5 =0,004)	Fungicide (factor B)		Av er ages under t he f ac t or A (НСР 0,5 =0,008)
	-	2 l/ 1t.		-	2l/1t.
Control	0,10	0,10	0,1	0,05	0,04	0,045
Albite	0,12	0,11	0,115	0,07	0,05	0,06
Novosil	0,11	0,10	0,105	0,03	0,04	0,035
Burgee	0,12	0,11	0,115	0,06	0,05	0,055
Aquamix	0,12	0,10	0,11	0,05	0,06	0,055
Rostock	0,11	0,11	0,11	0,03	0,03	0,03
Averages under the factor B and AB	0,11	0,107	0,11	0,05	0,04	0,045
	(НСР 0,5 =0,004)			(НСР 0,5 =0,004)

L e a r n t fa ctor s exe r cise i nf lu e n ce an d o v e r d ise a se r e sista n ce m or e n a rro w a t th e f ir s t ph a se s o f v e geta tio n of a w in te r w h e a t ( f i g . 3 ) . Th e gr e ate st f u nga l a t ta c k o f stem Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria w as on a lte r n a tiv e a b o u t S p r o u t a p p lication in the pure sta te, it S P K a b o u t th at, it co n tr ib u tes in gr o w th of p la nts, b ut sla c k e n s the ir su sta in a b ility to diseases.

Figure 3 - An attack of plantlets of a winter wheat «Moscow 39» fungi of stem F us arium , A spe r g ill us, Penicillium, Alternaria under the influence of growth- promot i n g fact ors agai nst a fung icide .

1 – Monitoring, 2 – Fungicide, 3 – Albite, 4 – Novosil, 5 – Aquamix, 6 – B urge e, 7 – Rostock.

The albite enhances stability plants on 10 %, Novosil on 8 %. in comparison with Control. The fungicide enhances stability to diseases on 14 % in comparison with Control, joint application with growth-promoting factors is enriched by this index. It SPK, that application of antifungals jointly with growth-promoting factors removes stress and raises immunodefence of plants [6].

CONCLUSIONS

As a result of the conducted probes following conclusions were made:

• 1.    Growth-promoting factors exercise a significant influence on an emergence rate, laboratory germinating capacity, a length and pulp of sprouts and roots of plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat. The best effects have displayed alternatives with Albite and Burgee application, and Rostock, Novosil and Aquamix yield to them.

• 2.    Treatment of seeds of a winter wheat by a fungicide (Kinto-Duo) renders an inhibiting effect on all learnt data.

• 3.    Growth-promoting factors against a fungicide make boosting impact on a length of sprouts and roots, and also on pulp of sprouts of plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat, and an inhibiting effect on an emergence rate, laboratory germinating capacity and pulp of roots.

• 4.    Treatment of seeds of a winter wheat by growth-promoting factors enhances stability plantlets to a fungal attack of stem Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria in comparison with monitoring. The same positivegoing operation renders also a fungicide. But the best effect is attained at joint treatment of seeds of a winter wheat by growth-promoting factors and a fungicide.