The changes of the life strategies and economic behavior of the yourth in the Arctic (based on Yst‐Yanskii region)

Significant social changes that have taken place in Russia over the past 20 - 30 years have created a lot of challenges to modern society, including the question of the socialization is the younger generations. Indeed, the process of socialization of the younger generation as the trans--‐ mission of the norms, values and traditions, developed by previous generations, disturbed, be--‐ cause the conditions of life and ideology have undergone significant changes. Modern Russian youth socialized under very different conditions and even values than their parents.

However, interest in youth issues in the Arctic due not only generational gap, but also fea--‐ tures the impact of the globalization on the development of life strategies for youth peripheral regions.

On the one hand young people of the Arctic are now available such media and communica--‐ tion like television and the Internet, forming lifestyle, values, world view of modern society and bringing together the image of the desired life of their contemporaries from all over the country. On the other hand young Arctic territories is largely isolated, since the territorial remoteness. And because of this does not have the opportunities that have their counterparts in the central cities, or even in localities that are not on the periphery of the transport and economic infrastructure.

In terms of the territorial isolation and limited resources, facilities, which gives them a global world through the media, about how to build your life, what qualities you must have some--‐ thing to strive for and are not always achievable. In this connection, it is appropriate to recall the words of the Polish researcher Z. Bauman, who notes that "when people are not able to even try to achieve the goals to which many aspire to, or when he did not have enough money to get to the end of the road , become inevitable resentment and frustration, but man can not do anything to prevent a similar situation or avoid it...

The methodological research

In April 2013, the expedition was carried out in one of the arctic regions of Yakutia --‐ Ust--‐ Jansky Ulus. In Soviet times, the area was developed as an industrial, developed tin mining and placer gold. Currently, the district closed all major industries.

National composition of Ust--‐Yana region --‐ 37.7% of Sakha (Yakutia), 35.4 --‐ Russian, 10.7 --‐ Evens, 0.6 --‐ Evenki, 0.4 --‐ Yukagirs 1.6 --‐ other. Currently, children and adolescents under 19 years is 29% of the population, young people up to 30 years in Ust--‐Yanskiy area 44.1%. Thus, it should be noted that in the area sufficiently many young people.

The route ran through the two settlements. The deputy village where in 2011 closed the last tin mining company with. Cossack, Kazachinsky national naslega, one of the oldest settlements of Yakutia, where mainly developed the traditional forms of agriculture.

In this case, the survey methodology were applied, expert interviews, focus group. The complexity of the sampling for this study stemmed from a number of interrelated factors:

• V    republic's population is relatively small, especially in the areas of survey (total population of the Arctic regions is only 8.7% of the population of Yakutia);

• V    population scattered over a large area;

• V    population is spread out over the territory characterized by poor transport infrastructure.

Specifics of the region excluded the possibility to put into place a standard sampling model presupposes respect the principle according to which it is necessary to share the district lead in the sample according to the proportion which the area is in the general population. Me--‐ chanical Counting share areas would lead to the fact that some Arctic regions would be represent--‐ ed by a sample consisting of only a few tens of the respondents. In this connection, it was decided to bring the region to share representation hundred respondents in the sample.

The respondents were aged population of the districts from 14 to 30 years. In Ust--‐Yanskiy area were interviewed 101 people including 55 women and 46 men. Youth were divided into three groups: the first group of 14 to 17 years --‐ 21.8%, the second from 18 to 24 years --‐ 28.7%, and the third from 25 to 30 years --‐ 49.5%.

The young people of Ust--‐Yani: past and present

Since the mid 20--‐ies. gradual development of the territory of Ust--‐Yana region of Yakutia. In 1925, the first primary school was opened in 1932 --‐ the first medical center in the 30--‐ies. came the first collective farms. However, large--‐scale development of this region began in the 50s., When the district were identified deposits of gold and tin. This process is accompanied by the influx of popu--‐ lation and its concentration in the settlements created. This process significantly changed the de--‐ mographic situation and the social composition of the population in the area.

Prior to the beginning of the above processes, the local population lived dispersed, mainly engaged in traditional crafts, some of them led a nomadic life. After creating a regional center in p Deputatsky of which was to better manage the population, housing and social institutions is a gradual displacement and the local population in the villages, accompanied by the formation of relevant government institutions in the field.

In the historical period, the world of a young man begins to gradually acquire the Arctic dif--‐ ferent from the one in which their parents' and grandparents. In the past, young people had to socialize faster performing rapid transition from childhood to adulthood. Young people clearly know that their way of life and their parents is the future. Besides the traditional society of the past implies a clear distribution of gender, social roles and responsibilities imposed by the re--‐ quirements of harsh environment.

Soviet power has significantly changed this picture, forming settlements for permanent residence, and building a system of education. Local youth had the opportunity to acquire educa--‐ tion, but began to spend most of the day in isolation from the influence of socialization parents and other adults.

Now there is a further change in the life strategies of assimilation by youth values and atti--‐ tudes of the modern world, through the broadcast media. In Ust--‐Yanskiy area 73% of the re--‐ spondents indicated that the main source of information at the moment is the Internet. In second place in popularity response TV --‐ 45%.

In this connection it may be noted such trends as:

• 4-    extension of the age range of young categories. In today's world, these age characteristics are increasingly changing, expanding towards the older age categories. It happens every--‐ where, as a result of changes in traditional life strategies, frameworks age called young, stretched, creating a long life stage;

• 4-    the gap between the life strategies of parents and children when the younger generation does not want to build their life strategies in line with the experience of their elders, as this experience may not always be in demand in today's world.

In this situation, the Arctic has a modern youth life is fundamentally different from what it was in the past. Now they go through the same stages of the socialization that many teenagers any other territories. They do not have to fight for survival in the harsh Arctic live in the settle--‐ ments which receive secondary education as their peers in cities. Use Internet access and televi--‐ sion, to form their own ideas about the world. As is well known television and the Internet are now not only a window to the outside world, but also a window to the world's youth subcultures. As a result, young people in the Arctic share the same values, social expectations and behavioral norms, as well as their peers in the modern world. In this regard, young people do not always want to see their parents in the example to follow, because it believes that their experience does not meet the accelerating and the globalizing of the modern world.

The question if you wanted to live your life as well as your parents gave an affirmative an--‐ swer 29% of the respondents, 56% gave a negative response and 16% were undecided on this is--‐ sue. The ratio of the responses received is typical for young Indigenous People of the North and Sakha, Russian youth living on the Ust--‐Yanskiy area.

Thus, the past is not completely adults desirable future for the next generation, therefore, lived their life is not desirable scheme future for their children.

This is indirectly confirmed by the fact that the most intimate relationship, including inti--‐ mate sphere, such as discussion boards, please secrets and occurs most often in a friendly circle. With a friend (girlfriend) Council on the important 43% of the respondents, while the parents are only 26 %, with the older generation (grandparents) share their secrets even fewer respondents --‐ 4%. Thus, it should be noted that as a result of many demographic, economic and social changes in the society, parents and children interact much less than in the past. Interaction between genera--‐ tions, in the modern society, acquiring the features of configurational culture which once wrote Margaret Mead. The society is very rapid and significant changes, as a result of which children and adults learn from their peers, they are no longer so important experience of their ancestors.[2]

Thus, the impact on the system of the values of young people provides them with common patterns of behavior, standards of living, the desired behavior patterns. However, the resources and capabilities of the population of peripheral areas are limited and the economy of the region is not in the best condition. It can not meet the demand for employment and self--‐realization of the younger generation. In this regard, interesting for us is the attitude of young people to employ--‐ ment and a better representation of economic behavior. The important question for us is whether globalization mechanisms to work here ?

Economic changes and attitude to work

Since the middle of last century to our time Ust--‐Jansky district has undergone significant economic changes. During the years of Soviet power in Ust--‐Yanskiy area developed mining, manu--‐ factured products which were tin concentrate and placer gold. In collective developed industries such as agriculture herding, fishing, hunting.

In the 90--‐ies. economy of the region has undergone changes in the economic and political upheavals, first the Soviet state, and after its collapse, Russia. Arctic residents, including both local and migrant populations have experienced the most severe effects of the crisis time. Curtailment of the government programs of the industrial development of the northern territories, led to the destruction of the existing places infrastructure, transport links, plant closures and settlements. So, in Ust--‐Yana region during the post--‐Soviet time there were a few times a major accident in the housing sector, leading to freeze settlements. Social and transport infrastructure of the country did not function in the same volume.

Salary increments in a high inflation environment lost its catalytic role. It all together and entailed high migration. According to Academician V.A. Tishkov then the country as it receded from its northern borders, turning them into more distant suburbs. [3]

As a result, at this point in Ust--‐Yanskiy area completely curtailed all large--‐scale industrial production of 42.9 thousand people living in the area in 1989, to date, there were 8 thousand people. Remaining in the area of population is engaged mainly in the public sector, trade, agricul--‐ ture, traditional crafts, moreover developed sector of the economy such as the collection and sale of mammoth tusk.

Needy young people have few resources to continue their education or obtaining addition--‐ al education. Due to the expensive transport costs, young people are unable to move to other places where jobs are more readily available.

If we talk about the most common activities in the past, namely, the traditional forms of management, it should be noted that the proliferation of firearms and snowmobiles allowed local people to hunt reindeer herding and more efficiently. However backward material and technical base, low wages, severe living conditions and the remoteness inaccessibility production bases, high cost of fuels and lubricants, spare parts for snowmobiles and outboard motors, low purchas--‐ ing price of agricultural and fishing products significantly hamper the development of the industry and attract young people. For example the number of herders and tent workers currently stands at 142 people. [4]

If we talk about hunting, it should be noted that, despite the fact that hunting is still availa--‐ ble industry young people shows little interest in this type of activity, as the work requires high investment in equipment, and while that is not compensated by the appropriate fee

Extraction of mammoth tusk, although it is quite lucrative, but has a seasonal character and is quite risky, both in terms of health and life, and cost (not every squad can find a mammoth tusk).

The traditional forms of the oriented farming economy to an industrial and then directed primarily to employment in the public sector has led to what is now the most attractive sector for young people has become a public service. This, apparently, is due not only to the fact that the civil service is perceived as an opportunity to gain power or high income, but as an opportunity to have a stable income. But, really, even in the most critical time state structures remain to the via--‐ bility of the Arctic regions.

The same trend is observed for the youth of Russia as a whole. Staff at the Institute of So--‐ ciology wrote: "we can say that the state failed to raise the prestige of employees of the state ap--‐ paratus, and probably it will attract young professionals in public administration and municipali--‐ ties" [5].

Spheres of activity which, in the opinion of young people themselves are easier to imple--‐ ment public service, social services (healthcare, education) and business. Representatives of indig--‐ enous people of the North see themselves in the civil service, the Yakut (Sakha) in the social sector and business in the Russian civil service and business. These responses suggest how the adapta--‐ tion of youth to new economic conditions. They adapted by embedding into existing model in Rus--‐ sia economic relations. The fact that the adaptation of youth is in accordance with reality evi--‐ denced by the fact that 37% of the respondents were employees of the public sector, 30% of pu--‐ pils of different forms of learning. Only one person interviewed was busy in agriculture and tradi--‐ tional crafts. As an entrepreneur himself also identified only one person, although 28% said that the easiest way to realize themselves in business. The business means not only permanent em--‐ ployment, but also seasonal work for the production of mammoth bones, as well as fishing and its further distribution, organization of adventure tourism --‐ hunting tours. It should be noted that they would like to open your business in the future, 18% of people.

On the other hand, only 41% indicated that the work that they have now is their personal choice and that they would like to do in your life. 28% of the respondents indicated that their choice of the profession now was caused by external factors (just had to somehow make money and there was no other work). While 31% said that the lack of jobs --‐ is a hallmark of life in the North. During the group interviews, many respondents also expressed concern about the issue is a good job.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be noted that if during the Soviet era 's emergence network of set--‐ tlements, the spread of education and new forms of the economic activity (collective farms) of the local population were crucial for the economic behavior of young people, including steel alterna--‐ tive nomadic way of life, then this stage of the integration into the existing economic system un--‐ der the influence of the modern, predominantly Western values is a determining factor in the choice of life strategies for young people living in the Arctic regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yaku--‐ tia). Today's young generation is no longer socialized within the same system of values that were prevalent in the northern territories in a traditional society, or in the Soviet era. This conclusion is relevant in general for the whole of the current situation in our country. Younger generation of Russians choose other values and life strategies in the context of globalization, post--‐industrial de--‐ velopment.

After closing of the industrial enterprises in the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yaku--‐ tia), as in other regions of the Russian Arctic, changing ideas about the best economic behavior. Young people no longer sees itself in the industry, but the change in orientation of agricultural ar--‐ ea was not reflected in the desire of young people to go into this industry.

The lack of the jobs today is very acute in the Arctic, in the northern Russia --‐ but it is not so clear. On the one hand the increased economic security of modern life now allows teens to stay in childhood, without taking on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood. At the same time power--‐ ful individualization problems, plans and aspirations characteristic of the modern society, bear full responsibility for the situation of young people on their shoulders. Lack of the local employment opportunities limits the perspectives for teenagers and young adults. There is a tendency to be occupied only temporary or part--‐time. As a result, young people of working age who could and would prefer to work, faced with a lot of free time, which gives rise to drunkenness and crime rates. Seclusion and remote settlements of the Arctic territories creates a negative situation with competitiveness young northerner.