The concept of dictionaries, their description and classification

A dictionary is a collection of words of a particular language that has a specific purpose, grouped under a topic, to write words correctly, to determine their meaning, etymology, to analyze their content, to compose sentences. Dictionaries can help you learn more about a concept. Dictionaries expand students' thinking skills, play an important role in mastering various fields of science, technology, art, literature, speech culture, national culture. Well-known French writer A.F., referring to French dictionaries, said: “The dictionary is an alphabetical treasure. If you think about it, a dictionary is a book of books. He will go to other books. " Dictionaries are a companion of civilization and a national treasure. "Any word," wrote the nineteenthcentury scholar, Academician II Sreznevsky, "is more than a nation." If there is a change in the word, there is a change in the life, there is a change in the society. " This is evidenced by the fact that the unique book of the Uzbek people "Devonulugotitturk" is a valuable reference book on history, language, literature, geography, medicine, culture, art and other fields. The evolution of lexicography often refers to a series of translation dictionaries - linguistic dictionaries - encyclopedic dictionaries -educational dictionaries - electronic dictionaries. In fact, research on the history of lexicography in world linguistics has led to the conclusion that the first versions of dictionaries were created for educational purposes.

Dictionaries include interlinguistic communication within scientific linguistic literature, study of grammatical structure of language, definition of language norms, national thinking of members of society, development of speech richness, formation of socio-political consciousness, as well as educational effectiveness. stands out with its invaluable service in raising.

In particular, the work on bilingual dictionaries, the Uzbek-Russian dictionary, was a preparation for the creation of an annotated dictionary, which laid the groundwork for it. During this work, many issues common to the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language and the structure of the Uzbek-Russian dictionaries, including the form of keywords in the dictionary, the principles of word choice, the meaning of words. new, methodological and grammatical descriptions, lexicographic character system and other issues were practically solved. 2-volume "Explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language" (M., 1981), 2-volume "Russian-Uzbek dictionary" (Tashkent, 1993-94), containing 60 thousand words and phrases and the publication of the 1-volume Uzbek-Russian Dictionary (Tashkent, 1998) marked a new stage in the history of Uzbek lexicography. In addition to certain achievements in the field of applied lexicography, attention was paid to the theoretical problems of lexicography -lexicography, and the rich experience gained in solving certain lexicographic problems of explanatory and bilingual dictionaries, as well as existing shortcomings in this field. A number of developed scientific works have also been carried out. The results of such research will undoubtedly help to improve the quality of the dictionaries to be compiled. It should be noted here that the Uzbek language has certain chronological boundaries to fully cover the endless vocabulary of different historical periods, different functional styles. purposeful dictionaries are required. For example, to read the works of Alisher Navoi and other classical poets, a special dictionary is needed, because the old Uzbek language differs from the modern Uzbek literary language both in terms of vocabulary structure and grammatical structure. Such dictionaries have been compiled and published. For example, P. Shamsiyev and S. Ibragimov's "Dictionary of Navoi works" (Tashkent, 2002). The dictionary was first published in 1953 under the title "A Short Dictionary for Reading Uzbek Classical Literature". In

1983-85, under the direction of Prof. EI Fozilov, a more complete 4-volume dictionary of the language of the poet's works was published. The lexicon of the Uzbek language, even in the twentieth century, is not the same in terms of content. It is used by some authors, but has not yet entered the Uzbek literary language, and there are many words related to dialects. In addition, Uzbekistan has a lexicon of ancient professions, used only among artisans, or numerous scientific and technical terms that appeared in the Uzbek language in the twentieth century, all of which can be summed up in one dictionary. 'lmaydi. That's why he has experience in creating professional, dialect dictionaries and terminological dictionaries. In this regard, S. Ibragimov's 3-part dictionary "Professional vocabulary of Fergana dialects" (Tashkent, 2010-13), O.Usmon and R.Doniyorov's "Explanatory dictionary of Russian-international words" (Tashkent, 1965; 3rd edition - 2012), "Dictionary of Uzbek folk dialects" (Tashkent, 2012), edited by academician Sh.Shoabdurahmanov, "Dictionary of socio-political terms" compiled and published under the leadership of Olim Usmon (Tashkent , 2014) and dozens of other dictionaries are noteworthy. Efforts to study the history of lexicography began two or three centuries after the study of general lexicography in both European and Uzbek linguistics. Apparently, the history of lexicography has been studied in general. In fact, logically, the first small Russian-Uzbek, Uzbek-Russian translation dictionaries, as well as dictionaries for studying the works of classical poets, are used in Uzbek educational dictionaries.

As for the description and classification of textbooks, any dictionary is a didactic work that contains structured information on a topic. Creating student-centered thinking skills has emerged in the process of creating them. The term "textbook" is first used in Russian linguistics in the introductory speech of YD Polivanov "Short Russian-Uzbek dictionary". The author describes the dictionary as "not included in the volume of reference materials, it is more in the category of educational resources".

Students' creative thinking, level of independent thinking, creative thinking is a small amount of valuable and rich vocabulary that can be used to express the product orally or in writing. Vocabularies are related to the learning process and gradually become a full member of the educational complex, adapted to the lessons, textbooks. Vocabulary articles are simple, clear, understandable, small, and relevant to the age of the students.

The main descriptive features of dictionaries are:

• 1.    Adapted to the textbook. Vocabularies are related to the learning process and gradually become a full member of the learning complex.

• 2.    The size is small. Speaking of dictionaries at a time when educational dictionaries were not yet popular, L.V. Sherba said, “All short dictionaries are ultimately annoying to the user. Small dictionaries can be created only for special categories…, ”he said, noting that textbooks are small in size. Because working with large dictionaries causes a lot of inconvenience to schoolchildren.

• 3.    The vocabulary will be simple and clear. The structure of dictionary articles, simple, clear and understandable sentences, age-appropriate words, the most important information, the comments are aimed at identifying the most important aspects of the word, clearly targeted, easy to use also differs from other types of dictionaries. Once a student has a dictionary, he or she should know what it is for, what information to look for, and how to use it.

• 4.    Aesthetically pleasing. It is also characterized by purposeful and necessary ornaments - pictures, enrichment with additional materials, low tolerance of lexicographic symbolism.

• 5.    Exercises are attached. The teaching aids of dictionaries should be enriched with a system of additional questions, simple explanations of lexicographic symbols, and work with a dictionary composed in a non-traditional way, which attracts attention to the information in the dictionary.

• 6.    Teaches the norms of literary language. Most dictionaries serve to set the standard for literary language. The norm of the dictionary is that it recommends the rules of spelling, pronunciation, word formation and use of literary language. To do this, words

adapts to the lessons.

are selected from the dictionary according to their attitude to the national literary language, their place in it and the scope of application.