The effect of applying biologically active substances on the production process of soybean and beans
Автор: Vasilchikov A.G.
Журнал: Вестник аграрной науки @vestnikogau
Статья в выпуске: 6 (45), 2013 года.
Бесплатный доступ
The article presents results of research on studying of influence of inoculation and treatment by biological active substances on symbiotic activity and seed production of soybean and common bean. Researches were conducted in the All-Russia Research Institute of Legumes and Groat Crops in 2007-2009. Influence of presowing treatment by preparations Albit, Humate of potassium and Mival-Agro at separate application and at combination to inoculation with nitragin on symbiotic and photosynthetic activity of soya and bean, and also on their productivity was studied. Formation of symbiotic apparatus and its activity were defined by presence of spontaneous populations of Rhizobia and at their absence it depended on treatment by nitragin. The greatest increase of area of leaves was noted at combination of inoculation with application of Humate of potassium and Albit-19,4% at soya and 35% at bean. The highest yield - 21,4 c/ha on soya and 18,8 c/ha on bean (on the average for 3 years) was received at combination of treatment of seeds by Humate of potassium and inoculation with nitragin.
Soybean, common bean, inoculation, peat rhizobial inoculant, biological nitrogen, fixation
Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/147124126
IDR: 147124126
Текст научной статьи The effect of applying biologically active substances on the production process of soybean and beans
Globally, agriculture is the scale soybean cultivation fourth among crops and first among legumes. Soybean is characterized by unique biological and economic characteristics. In soybean seeds contain 40% of protein and up to 18% of oil. Due to the symbiotic nitrogen fixation by soybean which covers up to 77% of its needs for nitrogen, its agrotechnical value is undeniable [1]. The rate of its growth is faster than any other soybean crops [2]. The program of the development of soybean cultivation in Russia is planning to increase crop area by 2017 to 2.7 million hectares, including the Central District (Belgorod, Voronezh, Orel) to 500,000 hectares [3]. Soybean cultivation in the Orel region is made possible by the creation in recent years of a number of early varieties, steadily maturing in this region. These varieties are characterized by high productivity potential. However, its implementation must combine technological and biological factors of intensification, allowing making environmentally friendly products.
In this connection, the need for energy-and cost-effective methods of increasing productivity through optimization of symbiotic and photosynthetic activity of crops by inoculating seeds by active strain of rhizobia, improving mineral nutrition, finding the most complementary pairs of symbionts is growing up [3]. No less valuable crop is beans crops in Russia which will be increased to 130,000 hectares.
Currently a lot of biologically active substances (BAS) have been established, the application of which can increase productivity of agricultural crops through increased intensification of metabolism and mobilization of immune systems of plants. According to previous studies [4,5], the use of such aalendrin can increase yields by an average of 1022% due to the growth-promoting, protective and anti-stress action.
MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS
In 2007-2009 we studied the effect of such biologically active substances such as potassium humate, albite and Mival-agro on productivity and efficiency of nitrogen fixation and soy beans in the Orel region.
Albite – plant growth regulator of biological origin, contains in its composition of natural microbial polymer poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid from soil bacteria Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas aureofaciens, a balanced set of macro-and micronutrients, terpenic acids of pine extract. Application rate – 50 ml per ton of seeds.
Mival agro – silicone biodyne from the group silatranes. The active substance – 1 chlormetilsilatran. Application rate – 15 grams per ton of seeds.
Potassium humate «force of life» belongs to a group of humic substances – substances with a pronounced stimulating effect. It is composed of humic and organic acids, as well as a set of macro-and micronutrients. Application rate is 200ml per ton of seeds at a consumption rate of 10 liters per ton of seeds.
Experiments were carried out according to methods of field experience [6].
Test area soil is dark-gray forest sandy loam. Humus content is 5.0%, pH 5.7, the content of phosphorus is 7-9-16, 8, K-8, 4-12, 0 mg/100 g of soil. Repeated experiments is fourfold, an area plot – 10 m2. Planting is wide-row; row spacing is 45 cm. Seed rate – 600,000 seeds per hectare for soybeans, 400,000 for beans. Studies were conducted on soybeans SWAPO and grade beans Rubin All-Russia Research Institute of Legumes and Groat Crops selection. Seeds were treated with biologics for 5-7 days before planting. The option without treatment was served as a control option. To study the possible influence of drugs in the process of biological nitrogen fixation in the experimental scheme options with a combination of seed treatment and biologics rizotorfinom based on the strain 634b for soybeans and 653 strains of beans have been added. Rizotorfinom inoculated seeds were inoculated in the day sowing.
The studies examined the dynamics of the formation of the symbiotic system, the enzyme nitrogenase acetylene reduction method; the number and mass of nodules on the roots of plants were taken into account. Also parameters of photosynthetic activity of plants were measured. Accounting for seed yield was performed by continuous threshing by combine «Sampo-130».
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The most stressful growing season for soybean was in 2007, which was characterized by lack of moisture and high temperatures in comparison with the year averages of data (Table 1). In the first two months of the growing season 62 mm of precipitation had been dropped, which was 53% of the average annual level of 205 mm during the growing season. The air temperature during this period exceeded the average annual level for 20C. Reduction of soil moisture had a negative impact on development of plant and the formation of the symbiotic system.
Table 1 - The weather conditions of growing seasons of 2007-2009
|
Indicators |
May |
June |
July |
August |
September |
|
|
Medium of many years precipitation |
53 |
61 |
80 |
67 |
57 |
|
|
Medium of many years. temperature, to |
13.0 |
16.9 |
18.5 |
17.1 |
11.7 |
|
|
Precipitation / the temperature mm/to |
2007г. |
24.4/16.1 |
38.0/18.6 |
63.4/19.2 |
19.4/21.4 |
62.5/13.0 |
|
2008г. |
30,9/12,9 |
54,6/16,5 |
131/19,5 |
33,9/19,7 |
43,8/12,3 |
|
|
2009г. |
36,9/13,7 |
81,7/18,8 |
56,9/19,8 |
19,4/16,3 |
39,9/15,2 |
|
The growing period in 2008 was close to the average of long-term data on precipitation and temperature regime. Rainfall was 290 mm, which was 90% of the average of annual level. Soybeans are fairly resistant to moisture deficit in the period from germination to flowering and are more sensitive to drought during the tying and loading beans. Dynamics of precipitation in 2008 was quite favorable for soybeans, as 65% of the precipitation during the growing season, fell in the period from the middle of June to the second decade of August. In 2009 the rainfall was 70% of the mean annual level, however, a more even distribution of them in the course of the growing season, contributed to the formation of a good symbiotic apparatus (Table 2) and the formation of a sufficiently high yield seeds.
Table 2 – Effect of inoculation and biologics to form symbiotic apparatus and nitrogenase activity of soybeans and beans
|
Variant |
The number of options and mass of nodules pcs. / rast / mg / rast |
mkgN / rast. / hour 2007-2009 |
||||
|
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
Average |
|||
|
Soybean |
||||||
|
Control |
4.3/200 |
16,0/420 |
35/665 |
18.4/428 |
166 |
|
|
Mival |
3.5/160 |
18.0/480 |
35/668 |
18.8/436 |
160 |
|
|
Albite |
6.2/280 |
24.0/640 |
41/779 |
23.7/566 |
195 |
|
|
Potassium humate |
5.4/230 |
22.5/580 |
39/741 |
22.3/517 |
185 |
|
|
Average without inoculation |
4.8/218 |
20.1/530 |
37.5/713 |
16.6/487 |
177 |
|
|
Strain 634 |
12.2/560 |
28.5/760 |
85/1620 |
41.9/980 |
395 |
|
|
Ш.634+Mival |
12/550 |
26.6/710 |
77/1460 |
38.5/907 |
365 |
|
|
Ш.634+Albite |
14.0/640 |
29.0/770 |
88/1680 |
43.7/1030 |
397 |
|
|
Ш.634+Humate |
14.3/660 |
29.8/790 |
91/1730 |
45/1060 |
420 |
|
|
Average by inoculation |
13.1/602 |
28.5/758 |
85/1622 |
42.3/994 |
394 |
|
|
Annual average |
9,0/410 |
24,3/644 |
61/1168 |
|||
|
Bean |
||||||
|
Control |
11.8/460 |
25/650 |
35/700 |
23.9/603 |
69.5 |
|
|
Mival |
10.0/390 |
19/494 |
32/660 |
20.3/515 |
54.2 |
|
|
Albite |
12,2/476 |
27/702 |
38/745 |
25.7/641 |
84.2 |
|
|
Potassium humate |
12,0/468 |
24/624 |
40/790 |
25.3/627 |
81.3 |
|
|
Average without inoculation |
11,5/448 |
24/617 |
36/724 |
23,8/596 |
72,3 |
|
|
Strain 653 |
18.2/710 |
30/780 |
68/1260 |
38,7/917 |
175 |
|
|
Ш.653+ Mival |
17,0/663 |
31/806 |
64/1160 |
37.3/876 |
160 |
|
|
Ш.653+ Albite |
19.8/772 |
36/936 |
72/1410 |
42.6/1039 |
205 |
|
|
Ш.653+ Humate |
18.6/725 |
35/910 |
70/1390 |
41.2/1008 |
197 |
|
|
Average by inoculating |
18,4/717 |
33/858 |
68/1305 |
31,4/960 |
184 |
|
|
The average for the year |
15/583 |
28/738 |
52/1014 |
|||
In 2007, due to the lack of moisture, the number of nodules formed was significantly lower than in 2008-09. However, the determination of the mass of nodules showed that by the phase of filling of beans mass of single nodule was much more, about twice, than in 2008 and 2009, which is consistent with the rule of feedback between the size and number of nodules per plant as a reflection of his control over the nodule formation. The greatest number of nodules was formed in 2009. The average options with rizotorfin processing it was 85 nodule / plant for soybean and 68 nodules / plant for beans in the formation on the control without inoculation of 35 nodules / plant. Although the amount of rainfall during the growing season in 2008 and 2009 was close to the mean annual, their distribution by growing season varied. In 2009 more rain fell in the first half of the growing season, which created more favorable conditions for the formation of the symbiotic unit.
Rizotorfinthe inoculation significantly increased the level of nodule formation for soybean. This indicates that due to the short period of cultivation of soybeans in the Orel region soil populations of soybean rhizobia are few, and are not available in many soils. Therefore preplant inoculation should be obligatory agricultural practices in the cultivation of soybeans. The level of spontaneous inoculation in beans was higher; however, in this case, the processing by rizotorfin raised its nodule formation.
To assess the impact of biologics on the photosynthetic activity of plants the formation of leaf area and photosynthetic capacity were determined (Table 3). Maximum leaf area of both plant species was formed during the formation of beans - pouring seeds.
The use of biologics albite and potassium humate increases the maximum leaf area, both in a single application, and when combined with the strains of rhizobium inoculation at 5.5-7.7%, in the first case, relative to the control, the second – to the version with rhizobia inoculation strain. Inoculation of seeds by nitragin increased the rate at 13.6% for soybean and at 26.5% for beans. The maximum increase in leaf area was observed with a combination of inoculation using potassium humate and albite -19.4% for soybeans and 35% for beans. This trend continued for the performance of the photosynthetic capacity. The nature of changes in net photosynthetic efficiency (PEF) during the growing season for soybean and beans was different. If soybean highest values were observed at PEF variations with inoculation and when combined nitragin and preparations albite and potassium humate, the highest value in beans PEF was observed in the control and when applying nitragin with biologically active substances PEF value went down.
Table 3 - Effect of inoculation and biological products on the photosynthetic rates of soybean and bean (2007-2009)
|
Options |
Maximum options leaf area m2/ha |
AF during the growing season, thousand m2 day / ha |
Maximum accumulation of dry matter kg / ha |
PEF during the growing season, g/m2 per day |
||||
|
soybean |
bean |
soybean |
bean |
soybean |
bean |
soybean |
bean |
|
|
Control |
32,4 |
16,6 |
1,92 |
0,83 |
3726 |
3342 |
1,94 |
4,03 |
|
Mival |
32,7 |
16,6 |
1,95 |
0,83 |
3933 |
3411 |
2,02 |
4,11 |
|
Albite |
34,9 |
17,2 |
2,07 |
0,86 |
4388 |
3395 |
2,12 |
3,95 |
|
Potassium humate |
34,7 |
17,5 |
2,06 |
0,88 |
4264 |
3512 |
2,07 |
3,99 |
|
Average without inoculation |
33,7 |
17,0 |
2,00 |
0,84 |
4078 |
3415 |
2,04 |
4,02 |
|
Nitragin |
36,8 |
21,0 |
2,15 |
1,04 |
5181 |
3691 |
2,41 |
3,55 |
|
Nitro.+Mival |
36,1 |
20,7 |
2,26 |
1,03 |
4836 |
3611 |
2,14 |
3,51 |
|
Nitro. +Albite |
38,7 |
22,5 |
2,31 |
1,12 |
5475 |
3752 |
2,37 |
3,35 |
|
Nitro. + Humate |
38,7 |
22,3 |
2,34 |
1,09 |
5380 |
3833 |
2,30 |
3,52 |
|
Average by inoculating |
37,6 |
21,6 |
2,26 |
1,07 |
5218 |
3722 |
2,30 |
3,48 |
Apparently, this can be explained by the fact that if soybeans, increased photosynthetic capacity in the application of joint and BAS nitragin treatments associated with an increased accumulation of dry matter by 44-47%, the increase in beans accumulation of dry matter was 12.2-14.7%. Likely the improvement of nitrogen through inoculation plays for beans, as a culture with a low potential for nitrogen fixation less important role than for soybeans.
Accounting of seed yield (Table 4) showed a positive effect of inoculation. Increase by a factor of inoculation was soybeans -1.4 centner / ha in 2007 and 2.1 centner/ha in 2008 and 2.2 centner / ha in 2009. Accordingly, the increase for beans was: 1.5 centner/ha in 2007-08 and 1.7 centner/ha in 2009.
Treatment of seeds by biologics revealed a positive effect of potassium humate and albite, both in a single application, and when combined with rizotorfin. Application of Mival, both single and in combination with rizotorfin almost had no effect on increasing the productivity of both cultures. The highest yield, both in soybeans and the beans was obtained in 2008 when rizotorfin and potassium humate were combined - 22.9 and 23.0 centner / ha for the control yield 19.3 and 19.8 centner / ha, respectively. On average, over three years, the highest yield, both in soybeans and the beans was obtained with a combination of seed treatment by potassium humate and inoculation of rizotorfin.
Table 4. - Effect of inoculation and BAS to harvest soybeans and beans, center/ha
|
Options |
soybean |
bean |
||||||
|
2007г. |
2008г. |
2009г. |
Average |
2007г. |
2008г. |
2009г. |
Average |
|
|
Control |
16.3 |
19.3 |
19.7 |
18.4 |
12,3 |
19,8 |
16,5 |
16,2 |
|
Mival |
16.2 |
19.8 |
19.7 |
18.6 |
13,0 |
19,8 |
16,6 |
16,5 |
|
Albite |
17.8 |
21.2 |
20,1 |
19,7 |
12,5 |
20,3 |
16,9 |
16,6 |
|
Potassium humate |
17,6 |
20,9 |
20,0 |
19,3 |
12,5 |
20,8 |
17,3 |
16,9 |
|
Average without inoculation |
17.0 |
20,3 |
19,9 |
19,0 |
12,6 |
19,7 |
16,8 |
16,6 |
|
Nitragin |
17,9 |
21,8 |
21,9 |
20,5 |
13,8 |
21,9 |
18,5 |
18,1 |
|
Nitro.+Mival |
17,8 |
22,0 |
21,8 |
20,5 |
14,3 |
21,8 |
18,2 |
18,1 |
|
Nitro. +Albite |
18,6 |
22,7 |
22,5 |
21,3 |
14,0 |
22,5 |
18,8 |
18,4 |
|
Nitro. + Humate |
19,2 |
22,9 |
22,1 |
21,4 |
14,2 |
23,0 |
19,1 |
18,8 |
|
Average by inoculating |
18.4 |
22,4 |
22,1 |
20,9 |
14,1 |
22,3 |
18,5 |
8,4 |
|
The average for the year |
17,7 |
21,3 |
21,0 |
13,3 |
21,2 |
17,7 |
||
Table 5 – The results of the structural analysis (2007-2009)
|
Options |
Weight, g. / plant |
Number, 1 |
pcs. / plant |
|||||
|
Plants of |
seeds |
beans |
seeds |
|||||
|
without inoculation |
Rizotorfin |
without inoculation |
Rizotorfin |
without inoculation |
Ризотор фин |
without inoculation |
Rizotorfin |
|
|
Soybean |
||||||||
|
Control |
13.0 |
14.1 |
5.23 |
5.75 |
17.1 |
18.6 |
41.7 |
44.8 |
|
Mival |
13.0 |
14.3 |
5.32 |
5.9 |
17.8 |
19.4 |
41.9 |
46.5 |
|
Albite |
14.0 |
14.6 |
5.83 |
6.07 |
19.2 |
19.4 |
46.9 |
46.7 |
|
Humate |
13.7 |
14.7 |
5.50 |
6.30 |
18.0 |
19.9 |
43.5 |
48.0 |
|
Average |
13.4 |
14.4 |
5.47 |
6.0 |
18.0 |
19,3 |
43.5 |
46.5 |
|
Bean |
||||||||
|
Control |
11,8 |
15,8 |
6,0 |
8,3 |
5,6 |
6,7 |
15,4 |
20,0 |
|
Mival |
12,0 |
15,3 |
5,8 |
8,1 |
5,4 |
6,0 |
14,4 |
18,8 |
|
Albite |
13,7 |
16,0 |
7,3 |
8,2 |
6,2 |
6,2 |
18,1 |
20,4 |
|
Humate |
13,3 |
16,2 |
7,6 |
8,6 |
6,0 |
6,2 |
17,6 |
21,0 |
|
Average |
12,7 |
15,8 |
6,7 |
8,3 |
5,8 |
6,3 |
16,4 |
20,0 |
The yield increase occurred primarily due to the increase number of pods and seeds formed on the plant (Table 5). The greatest number of seeds per plant and seed weight on plant respectively was formed on options with a comprehensive rizotorfin seeds treatment and preparations of potassium humate and albite. Thus, the use of such drugs as potassium humate and albite in combination with rizotorfin inoculation through effective strains has the most positive impact on the formation of a crop of soybeans and beans.
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