The features of the human capital and the development of the Russian Arctic

Human capital in the modern society is of paramount importance for the development of the economy and the state. Human capital - is formed or developed as a result of the investment and accumulated in the human beings (humans) a certain stock of health, knowledge, habits, skills, motivations, which purposefully used in one or another sphere of the social production. Provides assistance to increase productivity and thus affects the growth of income (earnings) of the owner [1].

In the modern Russia, the situation with human capital is quite ambiguous. On the one hand, today the majority of Russians, especially in the cities, or are enrolled in higher education (we are already starting to go almost the universal higher education in the country), high consumer demands and requirements to quality of life. On the other hand, still there are age-old traits of national character, as irresponsibility and poor discipline in the absence of control, unrestrained drunkenness with true Russian scale, tolerance to arbitrary leadership and lack of the development of self-esteem. The high degree of bureaucratization and corruption of the society complements these negative qualities and creates serious barriers to the development of the human capital as the basis for a new, high-tech economy.

In the Russian Arctic - from the Kola Peninsula to Kamchatka - there are also objective difficulties for the formation of the human capital, as the harsh climate of the region and the distance from the supply bases. Let us consider some of the factors that impeded him with all the relevant development. First of all, it is quite low wages in Russia in the general and the Arctic macro-region in particular in the comparison with other countries, to actively explore the Arctic (see Table 1).

• Table 1

The average salary in Russia and countries of the world in 2012 [2]:

As you can see, the salary of a resident macro-Russian Arctic is 3-4 times lower than those in other developed countries in the Arctic. If the Russians need for quality of life (consumption, comfort, education, etc.) similar to those that in the developed countries, it is natural that he has a lot more work, so at least partially meet the increasing consumer demands.

According to the statistics, about 80 % of Russians are forced to work overtime. It's not just the usual delay in the office for 5-10 minutes after the end of the day - the specialists remain in the offices of up to 3-4 hours more than put norm. Meanwhile, the level of the remuneration, and the attitude of the head usually remain unchanged, and many people are forced to accept these conditions in order to keep their jobs [6]. Of the 80 % of those surveyed 61 % are the professionals who are trapped at work in the excess of the graph is almost constant and even take some of the tasks on the house [6].

In the end, it turns sombre picture: the day the Russians for much longer than it was under the Soviet Union. 8-hour working day was significant social gains of the socialism and calculated temporitme of the features and loads of the industrial civilization. And today temporitme significantly increased the speed of information flow greatly increased (the amount of information in the world doubles every 5-7 years), neuro-psychological stress also significantly increased, and the length of the working day has increased and has become both the societies of the XIX century. -10-12 hours spread widely over-exploitation. It is natural that the health of the population is affected most adversely.

For example, look indicators for the cardiovascular disease (CVD), which are the main causes of the death in the economically developed countries of the world and most of the countries in the transition. Every year the world of CVD causes nearly 17 million people, and in Russia in 2007 have died from the 1 million 232 thousand 182 people. CVD caused by atherosclerosis are the cause of the high mortality in Russia, far exceeding death rates from these diseases, both in the eastern and especially in the Western European countries. Thus the greatest differences in mortality (5 to 20 times) are observed in the most working-age population, 25-64 years [7]. Compare these data with the average life expectancy in Russia and countries of the Arctic.

• Table 2

The average life expectancy in the countries of the Arctic [8]:

We should also mention some of the indicators of the health of Russians. For example, from 1990 to 2005, the total number of disabled people in Russia has increased by 3 times and on January 1, 2009, according to the Federal State Statistics Service; the total number of disabled people in Russia exceeded 13 million people - more than 9% of the population [9, p. 541]. And this despite the fact that not all people with severe chronic illnesses that limit their ability to work, giv- en the level of disability. Also, has broken all records of child morbidity: for example, at a meeting of the Russian Government Mikhail Fradkov 20.07.2006 admitted that only 30% of births, but may be found to be healthy [9, p. 465].

Added to this is a serious defect in the social policy of the Russian Federation, as the high cost of and payment for the health care services. The right to health care, although guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, with each year becoming more and more fictitious. Even in public hospitals and clinics are almost no services available for free. If the difference in pay is several times the cost of the treatment and medicines in Russia and the developed countries is identical, and the tragicomic situation: in order to earn the necessary funds for the treatment and medicines, a person needs a lot of work and have "iron" health.

But let's say seriously ill people of working age, having saved the required amount, and after the course of the treatment, returned to normal - the salary ($ 760) for 10-12 hour day. A significant portion of the funds he needs to spend on family and children, emergency supplies, payment of utility bills (and more and more to pay on the mortgage loan for a motor vehicle or household appliances ), education, leisure. By counting these costs, even by the most conservative rates, it is easy to conclude that in this case the person is not required to be provided even diet. And in the arctic region of Russia, where the long cold winter, you need high-calorie diet with increased the vitamins and amino acids. That is, theoretically, the northern people living in these conditions will not be able to become healthy!

The result: to make a more or less decent life, to ensure consumer needs and standards do not even on the west, and in the Eastern European level, most Russians have to work "on the wear of moonlighting or taking overtime hours in the main job, with much denying themselves and getting into endless loans".

This is complemented by a number of the negative social and psychological factors:

• a)    An aggressive information- psychological environment, the abundance of negative media plan, a harmful effect on the psyche.

• b)    Psychological tension in the society, a lot of conflict in the home, at work, and often in families.

• c)    Low consumer culture of the population.

• d)    The alienation of power from the society, where the majority of people in the critical situations do not have to rely on the help of the authorities.

• e)    Chronic mental frustration because of the obvious social divisions in the society.

• f)    The actual supremacy ideology of the social Darwinism in a society where people with wealth and power, openly mock the disadvantaged, and the luxurious life of Russian pop stars and remains at the center of the media attention.

There is a threat that the population in Russia, including the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, will not be a factor in the modernization, and will be unable to maintain the infrastructure of the economy, even at this very low level. Disparities existing patterns of the socioeconomic development pose serious obstacles to the human development in Russia as a whole, and in the Arctic regions in particular.