The national daily life of the settlements of Yakutiya in the context of the sociological researcher

Indigenous Minorities in the Southern Yakutia are on the verge of the global transfor--‐ mation in relation to the priority areas of the economic development and the implementation of the mega--‐projects on the territory of their homelands. The focus of this paper on the analysis of data sets from the tribal community located on the ancestral lands of the traditional residence and economic activities of the Evenki, an example of the largest Belletskogo Evenk National naslega Aldan region of Sakha (Yakutia). Aggressive intrusion of the industrial civilization is primarily af--‐ fected the ethnic life uniquely influenced the formation of the social environment of the existence of tribal communities in which their members formed worldview. The article presents the results of the sociological research in the national settlements that support the hypothesis of adaptation of the Evenki society to the new challenges of the environment, due to their personal--‐professional qualities, ability to survive, develop desire and dynamically changing world.

Population and livelihoods of the indigenious people of the South Yakutia

During the implementation of the government programs to expand the use of non--‐wealth firewood and the construction of the transcontinental gas pipelines exposed to the adverse effects of large areas of southern Yakutia. Most mineral deposits lie within the traditional settlement are--‐ as and nature Evenki. National Aboriginal settlements themselves are at a considerable distance from the regional centers from 50 to 580 km, mostly in remote parts of the taiga and mountain taiga natural areas. Administrative--‐territorial structure of the study area shows that there are 4 fixed settlements four national Evenk naslega (Table 1).

• Table 1

The Settlements inhabited by the indigenious people of the North

Regions	Naslegi	Localities	The number of population, people.2
			2002	2010	01.01.2013
Aldanskiy	Anaminskiy	Kutana	658	573	540
	Belletskiy	Hatistir	1308	1760	1748
		Ygoyan	308	–	–
	Chagdinskiy	Chagda	–	218	204
Nerugri	Iengrinskiy	Iengra	1216	1104	1067
Total rural population in the region			5800	5890	5657
Total population by national settlements in the region			3490	3655	3559

The basis of their livelihood are herding, hunting, fishing and trapping, as well as crafts (na--‐ tional sewing, fur garments, manufacturing equipment, household utensils, etc.), gathering wild berries and medicinal plants. According to the government statistics, the population of the munic--‐ ipality "Belletsky Evenk National nasleg" on 01.01.2013 is 1748 people. Main demographic indica--‐ tors: births, death, natural increase --‐ show a picture of relative prosperity only in this naslega. In 2011, the municipality "Belletsky Evenk National nasleg" was born 39 people (for 5 people. Less than in 2010), 18 people died, the natural increase of 21 people.

Total population in the national naslega region declined over the past three years 3655 to 3559 people, or 2.6 %. The greatest reduction Evenk population (6.4%) occurred in the village Chagda smallest --‐ 0.7% with Hatystyr. Decline in the rural population is mainly due to migration from rural to urban areas sparsely populated settlements and ulus centers. Reasons for such movements --‐ the impossibility of employment within the settlements, the desire of young people come to study and dissatisfaction with the transport scheme, social and living conditions of every--‐ day life, changing the system of value orientations of the younger generation, the most moving part of the population of the migratory flow.

Preservation of the native population as a set of the ethno--‐cultural communities depends on the status of the traditional industries and, primarily, reindeer. This is confirmed by many re--‐ search scientists severovedov (Kostyaev A.I., I. Krupnik, Klokov C.B., etc.), found that "the abun--‐ dance and reproduction of the native people of the North is in direct correlation to the number of the nomadic herders and reindeer [9, 2012, 10, 2012, 12, 2002, 13, 2000, 17, 2006].

People, who are preserving the stable performance reindeer have positive dynamics of the natural growth"3. The economic cycle of the aboriginal population is based on the use of the bio--‐ logical resources and is directly dependent on the state of the environment. Many researchers have noted the negative impact of the industrial invasion debugged ecosystems [1, 2012, 2, 2011, 4, 2009, 6, 2011, 7, 2011, 8, 2009, 11, 2003, 14, 2002, 15, 2002].

Methodology of the sociological research and its results

In the course of fieldwork (November--‐December 2012, June--‐July 2013) by a group of the researchers of the ethno sociology sector case studies were conducted in the national settlements MO "Nerungrinskiy District" (p. Iengra), MO "Aldan region" (p. Hatystyr and c. Kutan) and in large industrial cities Nerungri, Aldan, Nizhny Kuranakh.

Data collection was done on the basis of the analysis of the archival, current materials mu--‐ nicipalities and national naslega on issues of land, logistical, human resources, etc.; conduct a questionnaire survey and expert interviews in national naslega settlements and the greatest con--‐ centration of Evenki South Yakutia, where there is intense implementation of the so--‐called mega--‐ projects [16, 2010, 18, 2012].

In order to ensure the greater representativeness of the study, due to the small number of the respondents, it was decided to conduct a survey by a "snowball", including the maximum pos--‐ sible number of people of working age and older working age respondents from the general popu--‐ lation of the corresponding age where the main criterion is to engage in the traditional economic activities.

The researched surveyed employed and unemployed population of working age and older working age, which is relevant to the development of the traditional industries of the North with regard to the type of business (specialization) settlement. Terms of ethnic composition, it was de--‐ cided not to be limited only by the representatives of indigenous people, as we were interested in trends of modernization of the traditional industries through the lens of indigenous representa--‐ tions of the South Yakutia. Respondents attributed those professional activities which refers to the traditional industries of the North, or in everyday life, they are complicit in the process of the so--‐ cial modernization within the boundaries of the study area. In addition, it was necessary to take into account a person with dual ethnic identity, born in the interethnic marriages with representa--‐ tives of uncertain or ambivalent identity. Total questionnaire is covered by about 300 people, in--‐ cluding the Evenki --‐ 72.2 %, other representatives of the indigenous people of the North --‐ 15.8% Yakut and Russian --‐ 8.5% , did not indicate the nationality of --‐ 3.5% [19, 2013].

Interviews were conducted among the professionals municipal authorities, heads naslega (Anaminsky, Belletsky) and tribal communities ("Bugati ", "Hatystyr", "Idzhek", "name Sidorova," etc.), members of the neighborhood associations Evenki. Most experts – are the representatives of the Evenk community, their opinion is that as a result of the intensive industrial development of the South Yakutia is not only a significant rejection of the area of land intended for conducting traditional occupations Evenki (hunting, herding home), but also industrial pollution territories of the traditional nature. This includes not only areas of land, including reindeer herding, hunting grounds, but ponds, leading to a deterioration of living conditions of the indigenous population, as well as the habitat of domestic reindeer, game animals, game, fish and growing berries, mush--‐ rooms and drug and technical resources. Significant undermining the very basis of livelihoods of indigenous peoples will have negative consequences inevitable deformation of their original eth--‐ nic culture and economy, as well as a gradual departure from the traditional way of life.

Some experts adopted a more rigid position, which means that modern industrialization destroys their unique, created over the centuries a culture based on the harmonious interaction of man and the fragile nature, thus there is a threat of the extinction Evenki themselves as an inte--‐ gral part of the world civilization.

Our earlier study (2006--‐2009) showed that the natives it hard to adapt to changes in the socio--‐economic environment, subject to all sorts of the risks associated with the industrial projects and the socio--‐economic reforms, including the risk of loss of identity, culture and traditional way life, the spread of diseases [1, 2012 Baisheva 3, 2006].

Critical attitude of the population to the problems of the traditional industries of the North, especially in the terms of land and property relations, strengthening the material --‐ technical base of the tribal communities and other forms of the economic activity is a consequence of the gen--‐ eral public concern and an indicator of the institutional reforms feeling of instability in the north--‐ ern community. Our data confirm once again the complexity of adaptation to the new aggressive social environment associated with negative consequences invasion industry in places native habi--‐ tat of the indigenous people of the North.

Traditional economic activities of indigenous ethnic groups (Evenki) is maximally adapted to the northern conditions. Everyday life of the aboriginal population is closely linked with the reindeer and hunting and fishing partially having serviceability. Indigenous ethnic groups of the North for centuries engaged in traditional sectors of the economy and were nomads. During the period of intensive industrial development area, due to the peculiarities of their life periodically change their place of residence, moving to the new camp .

Reindeer herding refers to the traditional industries of the North, which is engaged in in--‐ digenous Belletskogo naslega. General condition of reindeer in the past five years is characterized by stable performance. Analysis of the development of reindeer shows that a significant reduction in the number of reindeer herds during periods when reduced state support (1994--‐1997). Devel--‐ oping in the extreme climatic conditions, the industry always needs not only effective government support, but also a constant, systematic work in the tribal communities to streamline the structure of the deer herd, bringing order to the accounting and reporting, effective control over the target--‐ ed use of budgetary funds creating the necessary working and living conditions of the nomadic herders in the conditions, as well as higher material and moral interest and responsibility herders themselves. As a result of the operations managed to stabilize the key performance indicators in the reindeer (saving adult livestock, business output Tugutov).

Directly related to the traditional occupations has autochthonous population, leading a nomadic and semi--‐nomadic--‐herders, human hunters and fishermen. They need primarily in the state support productive activities and social life--‐enshrined lands, , fishing areas, compensation in case of rejection of land, environmental violations traditional nature. They should be provided with adequate shelter in the base populations for their families, the relevant social conditions.

Tribal communities in the modern conditions

Priority status of the tribal communities of other forms of the agricultural education is that they have a duty, along with participation in the supply of the products of the traditional branches of the North --‐ the protection of their original habitat, conservation and the development of the traditional ways of life, traditional farming, crafts and unique culture. There has been a reduction in the number of tribal communities in recent years, due primarily to inadequate legislation, new challenges in the area of the industrial development, socio--‐economic difficulties in nature (Table 2). Tribal communities, according to the head of tribal communities, "as a form of management best represent the national mentality of ethnic groups, their interests are in demand in the adap--‐ tation of the indigenous population in modern market conditions" [20, 2013]. Themselves mem--‐ bers of tribal communities interested in further improving the organizational and economic struc--‐ ture of the formation of a market model of traditional nature.

• Table 2

Dynamics of the number of tribal communities and granted lands to them

Territories	2000	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
	The number of tribal communities, units
Totally in Repub--‐ lic	272	273	273	292	301	299
In region	70	68	68	68	68	45
Aldanskiy	46	44	44	44	44	25
Nerungri	24	24	24	24	24	20
	Area of land granted to them, thousands of hectares
Totally in Repub--‐ lic	43 234	45 605	42 007	43 404	45 233	48 362
In region	10 259	10 259	10 280	10 280	10 280	9 438
Aldanskiy	6 245	6 266	6 266	6 266	6 266	3 205
Nerungri	4 013	4 013	4 013	4 013	4 013	6 233

For 2000--‐2009 marked decrease in the amount of land tribal communities of South Yakutia on 842.2 hectares, mainly due to the reduction in the number of communities in Aldan region (from 46 to 25.) due to cessation of their activities or synergies shallow subjects, as well as exclu--‐ sion of land under industrial facilities. However Neryungri area there is a sharp increase in land in 2009 (1.4 times) by assigning them to the jurisdiction of tribal communities engaged in hunting (mainly sable).

Total in the researched region studied workers in the traditional industries of the North, is fixed at the beginning of 2010 632 people., or 12% of the national figure (Table 3).

According to the Ministry of Agriculture of Sakha (Yakutia) in 2010 in the republic of all reindeer herders engaged in 128 unions and tribal communities, 187 reindeer brigades worked in 2219 people. However, during the summer holidays worked 624 student. 394 families are nomad--‐ ic.

Table 3

The number of employees of the traditional industries of the North in the republic of Sakha (Yakutia) on 01.01.2010

Territories	Totally workers	including:
		Reindeers emplyees			fishermen	Hunters	Farmers
			Herders	Tent work--‐ ers
РС (Я)	5 270	2 219	1 574	645	1 029	1 911	150
Aldanskiy	383	259	180	79	--‐	124	--‐
Nerungri	249	168	116	52	--‐	67	14
In region	632	427	296	131	–	191	14
The share of the region, %	12,0	19,2	18,8	20,3	-	10,0	9,3

Resource: Fund materials USDA Sakha (Yakutia)

The average family working in traditional sectors of the North region consists of 3.5 per--‐ sons (an average of Sakha (Yakutia) --‐ 3.8 pers.). In South Yakutia contains every tenth deer and works every fourth nomadic family Yakutia, most of which we attributed to the category of the poor [1, 2012 Baisheva]. Poverty profile analysis suggests that half of the poor --‐ it's working poor families, including members of the tribal communities.

Table 4

The number of familiesin reindeer breeding

Territories	Deers	Number of deers, flocks	The number of families, totally	including
				number of fami--‐ lies	Number of teams
РС (Я)	200 861	187	1 382	394	94
Aldanskiy	12 736	20	118	66	--‐
Nerungri	6 735	13	63	31	--‐
In region:	19 471	33	181	97	--‐
Density of the region, %	9,7	17,6	13,1	24,6	-

As the survey shows, in tribal communities and between the Communities observed signifi--‐ cant differentiation in the level of life indicators such as the provision of material and technical resources (vehicles Snowmobiles "Buran", ATV, car, means of communication, the availability of hunting huts and bases herders nomadic routes) stationary housing in settlements, etc.

We found that there is a direct dependence of material prosperity of tribal communities from the whole complex of interrelated parameters, both quantitative and qualitative. These in--‐ clude: the number of members of the tribal community, the area granted possession of the land, the location and quality of reindeer pastures and hunting grounds, the presence of blood ties (not only within the community but also outside), level of education of its members, the ability to es--‐ tablish contacts in the power structures at the settlement level, naslega, district. This factor is im--‐ portant also in connection with the provision of office on budgetary allocations to employees of traditional industries of the North. Thus, herders subsidized in two directions in subventions from the state budget of Sakha (Yakutia) for reimbursement of expenses: to create the conditions to workers reindeer brigades (including labor costs and herders chumrabotnikov) for logistical rein--‐ deer brigades.

Traditional industries for most indigenous representatives to cease to be the fundamental criteria in determining the ethnic characteristics of the people. High unemployment among indig--‐ enous peoples, including the Evenki complicated features of the sectoral structure of employment, vocational qualification and the educational level of the economically active population. Socio--‐ economic status of members of the tribal communities is also exacerbated by the objective un--‐ suitability lifestyle, and most importantly, mental warehouse mentality hunters and herders to market transformations, accompanied by the commercialization of public and industrial relations. Recently there has been a shift in search of livelihood through the extension of the Evenki activity towards collecting and crafts gathering wild berries, mushrooms, medicinal and industrial plants, production of souvenirs, household utensils, sewing national clothes, etc.)

The economic crisis has sharply aggravated social tensions and decreased input of housing, health and culture, unstable level of the social protection Evenki.

In the course of the political, economic and social reforms occurred scale destructurization former industrial and social infrastructure. This led to a loss of jobs, a sharp decline in production and the elimination of the various exemptions, which caused the migration mobility of the popula--‐ tion in different age groups. In tribal communities, and in some villages of compact residence of Aboriginal unemployed ranges from 60--‐80% of the population. Moreover, official statistics do not take into account the many nuances and untrue. Widespread among the indigenous settlements of the South Yakutia (and not only) form of hidden unemployment. This is because there are sev--‐ eral places on the circumstances preventing the official registration of the unemployed person ac--‐ tually. The difficulty lies also in the fact that not everywhere is labor exchanges (or other bodies that are charged with the mission of accounting and registration of the unemployed). The vast ma--‐ jority of respondents in sociological research IGIiPMNS SB RAS (2007 - 2009., 2012--‐2013.) Re--‐ spondents from South Yakutia Evenki of the opinion that no benefits can not attract young people and Aboriginal people in other age groups to work in the traditional industries North [5, 2011]. Many parents do not want to see their children herders, hunters or fishermen. The vast majority of the respondents in the sociological research IGIiPMNS SB RAS (2007 - 2009., 2012--‐2013.) Re--‐ spondents from South Yakutia Evenki of the opinion that no benefits can not attract young people and Aboriginal people in other age groups to work in the traditional industries North [5, 2011]. Many parents do not want to see their children herders, hunters or fishermen. The bulk of aborig--‐ inal youth in the urban areas remains after receiving a diploma of education. They believe that on arrival at their homes as their experts can not provide permanent job, sufficient funds supplement the family or personal budget. Have no intention of returning to his small home and the individual members of the younger generation of Aboriginal people come to study. Having tasted the fruits of civilization, they have no desire to return to the countryside, where there are no extremely necessary living conditions or, in their opinion, at least in consumer services (cultural and recrea--‐ tional facilities, television, Internet, centralized water supply, sanitation, etc.) [1 , 2012, Baisheva].

Aboriginal jobs provided mainly due to the functioning of public institutions, business enti--‐ ties in the traditional sectors of the North (such as indigenous peoples of "Hatystyr" tribal com--‐ munities), individual entrepreneurs (trade and paid services). The greatest number of the em--‐ ployed population relates to the field of education and agriculture. For example, in the municipali--‐ ty Belletsky Evenk National nasleg has 28 farms of different ownership forms, including parent company of indigenous people "Hatystyr" tribal communities and agricultural production coopera--‐ tives, 2 farms. At the beginning of 2012 they listed deer --‐ 12339 goals, including of indigenous people in "Hatystyr" --‐ 6897 Goals (55.9 % of the total number of reindeer on naslega). Over 32 tribal communities as economic entities, fixed reindeer pastures total area of 6,348,722 hectares, which works in 269 attendees with an average salary of 6646 rubles [20, 2013 ] .

Set of social infrastructure depends on the number of inhabitants of settlements belonging to the Belletskogo naslega and employs: educational institutions --‐ 7, health, culture, post offices --‐ 2, private shops --‐ 13 (including a bakery --‐ 2), boiler (central and departmental) --‐ 6, diesel power --‐ 4 units, etc. The bulk of institutions located in adapted premises of the old buildings (1940--‐1970s.). Pupils are taught in secondary schools (including the national component in teaching methods) or ungraded (nomadic) schools in tribal communities in areas Ugut and Amma. Additionally, you can work out in the Youth (year of commissioning in with. Hatystyr --‐ 2000, with branches in with. Ugoyan with. Kutan). Preschoolers have a nursery--‐garden, whose buildings are obsolete (the year beginning exploitation buildings --‐ 1940 and 1962.).

Hatystyrskaya local hospital has a day hospital (5 beds), a total area of about 200 square meters, year of construction --‐ 1950., buildings out--‐patient (p. Ugoyan) and the private pharmaceu--‐ tical item requires repair. Besides private shops, cafes, computer lounge, individual entrepreneurs built a sports and recreation center. Using traditional construction completed construction of the farmhouse in the village culture Ugoyan (since April 2011).

On the territory of the municipality "Belletsky Evenk National leaned" no--‐forming enter--‐ prises. Main activities of industrial enterprises for forestry and forest products (I.P. Egorov I.L., I.P. Egorov V.V., of indigenous people 'Hatystyr"S.P. Janulytė JH) and agriculture (and tribal communi--‐ ties of indigenous people Hatystyr"). Harvesting and processing of forest --‐ a laborious process, but despite this, got its start in the development of the construction (transfer) the new settlement --‐ naslezhnogo center --‐ with Hatystyr on the new place is not flooded and the implementation of the republican target program to provide housing for young families and young professionals. Howev--‐ er, in recent years, the industry is developing rapidly enough, as the production of marketable timber hindered by the lack of export opportunities year--‐round timber with dividers for processing and deficiency of working capital of the enterprises.

Development of agricultural production in the municipality "Belletsky Evenk National nasleg" is mainly due to the development of tribal communities. The total number of deer at the end of 2016 is projected to reach 14,000 head of livestock or the annual increase will be 4.5 %. High performance can be achieved through the introduction of a whole range of the systematic measures on reindeer herding, which include: improving the mechanism of state support for the industry; reindeer gradual transfer from the consumer to commodity production, staffing, rein--‐ deer, reindeer herds production specialization, increasing their quality indicators.

Interview with CEO of Indigenous People "Hatystyr" I. A. Dormidontova revealed that the company on an ongoing basis, purposeful work to improve breeding, in addition to the activities of the Republican program to its 2016 annual shipments will be organized along tribal deer lease through federal and national agencies. In order to increase the number of reindeer is planned to continue the planned zoo technical and veterinary activities (annual obligatory two single korali--‐ zatsiya deer, healthy herds of brucellosis disadvantaged) monitoring the state of reindeer pastures (a complex of land works reindeer pastures), predator control and payment of material compensa--‐ tion for their prey, protection of reindeer pastures, annual construction and renovation of produc--‐ tion structures (fences and corral ); insurance basic herd of deer, etc.

Conclusion

These studies confirm that the provision of the social status, a decent standard and quality of life depends on the Evenk methods of the preservation and the development of the traditional economy on a new logistical and technological basis. Currently, among the Evenki settlements noted the existence of processes of transformation of traditional systems of settlement, employ--‐ ment and urgency of the problems of high unemployment, low quality of social and productive infrastructure. Market relations in reindeer herding, hunting, fishing, handicrafts constrained fea--‐ tures of the nomadic lifestyle and mentality of the Evenki, the slow pace of the implementation of the principles of the local self--‐government in the settlements of the indigenous people of the North South Yakutia.

The current laws have sometimes implementation mechanism clear instructions for their use in practice, and in heavy industry invading the territory of South Yakutia infringe on the rights of the Evenk community to traditional land. Thus conscious and unconscious distrust of public au--‐ thorities by the Alaska dictated not only by their deteriorating socio--‐economic situation, most like--‐ ly due to alienation of land in the traditional nature to develop their industry (large business struc--‐ tures). Thus, our studies confirm that indigenous ethnic groups acutely aware of themselves as marginalized communities distant from the benefits of the civilization, where the conditions of in--‐ tensive industrial development within their traditional nature there is disruption of the ethnic rights on a scale threatening activities of daily living.

As a result of the socio--‐economic reforms and has been no significant improvement in the living conditions of the northern population indicators such as accessibility and availability of basic services, favorable living conditions in the region. Moreover, against the background of market reforms clearly manifested such problems of everyday life, as low income from their traditional occupations and high unemployment in the national populations, low life expectancy and the de--‐ terioration of the health of children, etc.

In general, our research shows that in some indigenous communities, there is a complex and contradictory process radical reconstruction lifestyle of small peoples of the North, forcing the Evenki adapt to modern forms of life support (small businesses, crafts revival, ancillary and tempo--‐ rary works, retraining, commitment to education and ability to defend their interests, learning from other ethnic groups, etc.). A reduction in the number of Aboriginal people within the bound--‐ aries of traditional residence in connection with intra--‐regional migration in urban settlements that deterministic imperfection of the labor market, the reduction of natural habitat for traditional life--‐ style and environmental pollution. Widespread violation of Aboriginal rights in the sphere of tradi--‐ tional nature led to the rejection of the ancestral areas of reindeer pastures and hunting grounds, places of gathering wild plants and drug--‐technical materials. Markers of everyday life are small peoples motivations devaluation of labor, the marginalization of the individual layers of the abo--‐ riginal community, the change of value orientations and the alienation of young people from their ethnic group. Despite the negative developments in the national society, Aboriginal adapt to new challenges will help such character traits as optimism and faith in their own strength, ability and communal mentality, the ability to live in harmony with nature, responsibility, creative approach to business.