The problem of the social exclusion of the working emigrants in the light of the development of the Arkhangelsk region

Currently Arkhangelsk region is the problematic, subsidized regions. According to data presented in the socio-economic development of the Arkhangelsk region by 2030, the average productivity in the economy of the region is only 15% of the current level of productivity in the USA economy. The situation is exacerbated when meeting with the data of Rosstat. In 2002, the population of the Arkhangelsk region (including the NAO) was 1 350.5 thousand people, whereas in 2010 it was 1 254.4 thousand. 1. The difference was 96.1 thousand. The population may be reduced by the reason of the death or because of the migration. Only in 2010 has left the field of about 8000 people2. Leaves, especially the economically active population, in other words, that the human resource that should be the locomotive pulling for a development area. All the facts are obvious to those who are interested in the socio-economic trends in the region, but, nevertheless, they become even more relevant in light of the identified strategic priorities of the Arkhangelsk region. These include the rise of the shipbuilding and engineering industries, the construction of transport infrastructure, supporting forestry, attracting tourists to the region. Series can continue. Based on the foregoing, in the Arkhangelsk region appeared, and the further development of the existing socio-economic conditions will only progress, the problem of the lack of high-performance workforce that can have a constructive impact on the development of potential points of growth in the region. In my opinion, this issue has already crossed the border, within which it can be solved the resources available in the region, so the output is seen to attract labor from staff.

Despite the vulnerability of this sanitation in front of the criticism of the experts whose main argument against is the idea that in the region, dominated the hidden unemployment, especially among young people, and attracting workers from other areas directly contribute to its growth, a highly skilled labor migration to the Arkhangelsk region will have a beneficial effect on all of its existence in the future the next 50 years at least. Moreover, the integration of the foreign workers to enrich the local culture of the region, its identity among other subjects of the Russian Federation. It should be noted that such precedents in the history of the Arkhangelsk region have been, so we turn to him.

The first wave of the migration to the region surged in 1930-1931 on behalf of the dispossessed farmers in the developed agricultural areas of the country, in 1940, it had already been Polish soldiers (called "osadnikov"). Not to mention, and those coming to the area for "his release," in the prison. Of course, speaking of the majority of the prisoners, of any beneficial effects on the culture out of the question, since the camp life could predispose them to it, but the mutual communication with other groups of migrants increased the educational capital of local residents that implicantly influence on the transformation of the culture. An example is the language, where the interaction between different the social groups most clearly etched.

The reconstruction of the country after the war and the resumption of the industrialization required the state informed decisions on moving the remaining workforce. The preference was given in the favor of youth. Ideological appeals caused the young people a sense of unprecedented patriotism expressed in the creation of a new socio-economic area, the map of which would be factories, road and rail links. In the Arkhangelsk region construction of the brigades began to arrive, many members of which were for the permanent residence, starting a family, thus improving the demographic situation in the region. It must be noted experts sent to the area on the distribution of "Without a graduate of Leningrad, Moscow, and other leading universities in the country, as well as the experienced professionals would be impossible to create such, for example, companies such as the Russian Center for Nuclear Shipbuilding in Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Sea Port , pulp and paper mills, to organize production of hydrocarbons, ores, learn the Northern Sea Route, a modern social infrastructure "[3, p. 154]. From this brief historical perspective clearly shows that the involvement of migrant workers in the area will not be new, but it really is able to give impetus to the development of the region.

If the process of еру labor migration starts again, you need to figure out all the possible risks. In my view, the most important risk, from which all other derivatives only, it is a social dezadaptivity of the migrants to the climatic conditions, quality of life, old residents as a whole. Therefore, in order to not work in a famous aphorism politician "We wanted the best, but it turned out as always", the political forces in the region should be aware of the reasons that could give rise to the problem of maladjustment of migrant workers. Going to the contrary, we note that the term "social adaptation" is widely used in the social and humanitarian and chemical and biological fields of scientific knowledge, which makes a wide range of the explications of his interpretations. In the sociological perspective will focus on one of them falls into the category of generally recognized: "Adaptation (social) – is the adaptation of the individual or group to the external conditions for them, in the sociology – is the kind of the interaction between the individual and the social group with the social environment, in which the agreed requirements and expectations its members "[2, p. 12]. In the case of the disagreement the requirements and expectations of emerging social dezadaptivity.

Turning to the analysis of the reasons of the social dezadaptivity of the migrant workers want to emphasize that this is not a low-skilled workers, which, as a rule, are associated with the population of the immigrants from the southern republics of the former USSR. In the region have come to the professionals (engineers, logistics, construction, mechanics), in other words, all those professionals whose work will be needed at points of the socio-economic growth of the region.

The first reason, contributes to the social exclusion of the migrants is an extreme environment in the Arkhangelsk region. We present the facts. Thus, the average annual air of the temperature in Mezen Leshukonsky and negative areas: -0,4 ... -1,2 ° C, in the remaining areas - positive (0,1-2,0 ° C). In continental areas of the region of the temperature difference between the warmest and the coldest month is 29-33 ° C, on the coast a little less than 20-24 °³. This temperature can not affect productivity. In the same area is Mezenski diamond mining the V. Grib, with which management of the high expectations. The perspectives of the development of the field will depend including how it is adapted to the natural conditions of developers work. In addition, the Arkhangelsk region is permafrost, on which are mostly wetlands. These factors complicate the implementation of prioritized, since the labor in such a harsh environment requires considerable physical and emotional stress, the duration of which may have a negative impact on health.

A person can’t curb nature. Such attempts being made everywhere, but they only lead to the environmental disasters and crises. The best way that can offset the cost of the physical, financial incentives will be workers. It is not just about the northern allowances, which factor in the depending on the area and the village is 1.4 and 1.2, but also the material benefits to those objects which are associated with the priorities of the region. We can also consider another option: increasing Northern coefficient pay only at the points of the growth (eg, builders Belkomur), and where no such points, all remain unchanged. Such actions will cause a positive competition among potential employees on the labor market. High wages will be accompanied by the significant extension of the criteria for the selection of the most qualified personnel from the companies who have taken upon themselves to develop priority projects area.

The North has always attracted by its financial attractiveness, and the Soviet experience in this regard to the explicit confirmation. Main goal – is to make incentives of more flexible and variable, while respecting the interests of all stakeholders, namely, the Regional Assembly members who care about the load on the regional budget, investment projects, a wave of financial risks, and, of course, experts and ordinary workers that will be their mental and physical forces to put these projects into the reality. In an effort to implement a project, whether the production of energy resources on the continental shelf or the construction of the deep sea port, we should always remember that the investment is made not only in the technology of mining and construction of industrial facilities, but also in human resources. Incentive system may actually reduce risk in adaptive migrant workers, especially at low temperatures and difficult terrain.

The second reason for the exclusion is the quality of life in the Arkhangelsk region. This category has a higher level of the abstraction and includes such factors as the health of the population and its demographic well-being, satisfaction with individual conditions of life of the population and the state of the affairs in the state (security of existence, access to the education and so on), the spiritual state of the society⁴.. Suffice it to give a few illustrations to make a conclusion -the quality of life in the Arkhangelsk region does not hold water. According to the media reports, all in the nursery of the administrative center of the region is about 11 000 people, and it is unlikely that in the near future the problem will be solved. You always have to consider the fact that the potential labor migrants have or want to have a complete family, in which children are an important part. The lack of places in the kindergartens will slow adaptaziogenez of the workers hinder to the optimal use of their earning potential.

An important indicator of the quality of life is the availability of housing. According to this parameter Arkhangelsk region is very seriously "slack." At the end of 2010, the total housing area was 31 million square meters, which accounts for 8.1% of the old and dilapidated housing (old housing - 7.0%, emergency housing - 1.1%).5. The data indicate that the dilapidated housing in the North-West region in 2nd place, only more of the Komi Republic - 7.7%. If we consider that the population of the Arkhangelsk region (without NAA) is 1,185,000 thousand people, one inhabitant of the region has an average of 26 square meters of housing. We have made calculations show that 2.511 million square meters of the housing life-threatening (dilapidated housing - 2.17 million sq. m., emergency housing - 341,000 sq. m.). And what is most important - in these homes are about 95 185 thousand people! 6! All of these figures is threatened by the social adaptation of the migrant workers. Moreover, the livelihoods of the local population as a whole at risk. Subject to availability of housing migrant workers is paramount. In this connection, let us turn to the expert community.

JA Zayonchkovskaya, the head of the Laboratory of the Institute of the Migration Economic Forecasting, said that recently began borne some hope for an increase in the internal migration mobility of Russians: "This could pour into the economy of the additional manpower, reduce unemployment. But it does address the problem of the housing "[4, p. 5]. Judge focuses on the cost of housing, primarily urban, while pointing to the limitations associated with it (such as the inability of part-time farm in a big city).

A large area of the field and the uneven development of its regions complicate the achievement of the same level of the quality of life in all the regional space, plus the need to assess the viability and the regional budget, which basically pay the price of the social obligations of the state. The high quality of the life throughout the region is impossible, so the output is seen in dotted policies aimed at improving the lives, where there is a prevailing the social and the economic infrastructure. The choice in favor of a territory can be done, focusing on prioritized in the development of the area. Positive would be the creation of development zones. Something like this successfully in the Kaluga region, where industrial parks have become the real parks «pump »rocking the financial assets of the Western and domestic inventors The "development zone" should focus not only on the construction of an industrial cluster, but also for the construction of hospitals, schools, homes, leisure facilities around it. Want to emphasize that the quality of life in the areas of development - is not a concern of the state, but also the structures that have the right to use the area as their capitalist order (in this case a prime example is the city of Norilsk). The Union government and the private sector - is the only way to support the socio-economic optimum development zone. In our view, perspective sees its creation in Plesetsk near Arkhangelsk region around the village Severoonezhsk where the largest reserves of bauxite (according to the same concept of socio-economic development of the region until 2030, their stock is 18% of the Russian reserves), forests, is production of basalt, in addition, the village has the rail connections.7.

Thus, in light of the development of the Arkhangelsk region need to take care of the social component. This will help reduce the likelihood of the destructive processes in the adaptatsiogenez of the migrant workers and ensure the mitigation of the negative factors that affect the efficiency of their performance.

Finally, the ultimate cause of the social exclusion is the opposition of "we" and "them." This distinction between the good of the analyzed using of the sociological optics. British sociologist Zygmunt Bauman writes, "we" and "them" - it is not the definition of two separate groups of people, and the names of the differences between two very different relationships: emotional attachment and aversion, trust and suspicion, security and fear, sociability and quarrelsome "[ 1, p. 46]. Arriving in the Arkhangelsk region, the migrant workers must be prepared for the negative attitude of the old residents of the region. If we turn to the history, many migrant workers coming to the North in order to work and earn good money, stigmatized by the local people as "grabbers", "zagrebaly", "crooks." Opposition to "us" and "them" is the feature of any society. They - the ones who came not clear where, in order to deprive the income of a local resident, to take away the allotted him by birth in the territory workplace. This feud has played an important role for the maintenance of the identity, a sense of solidarity, common on both sides. Sometimes conflict can force their way out, putting stress the entire social structure. Events in Kondopoga (Karelia) is well illustrated by the situation. This problem is very complex, so only limited financial decision is not productive. Need a complex job as the local social environment, and with the coming of the migrant community. Some hope can be blamed on the media and expert community. First, introducing the second opinion may have a positive impact on the local community through their own channels of the communication. Should be included and the regional administration. Must convincingly show all interested reasons, benefits and expected outcomes of labor migration in the region. Able to make a contribution and educational institutions in terms of developing a sense of tolerance to the population trapped the migration mobility.

Arkhangelsk region is in the continuous demographic crisis. This, in turn, has a negative impact on the economy of the area. In this situation, the output seems to attract the flow of the highly skilled migration. However, a new problem – is the social dezadaptivity of the migrants. This is facilitated by three factors: the natural conditions of the Arkhangelsk region, the low quality of the life in the region, negative attitude to everything else from the local population. Eliminate these factors is impossible, but to reduce their destructive effect is quite capable. In conclusion, I will add that migration mobility - is a natural process, and in the future it will only grow.