The problems of the development of the traditional branches of the Arctic economy (on the example like Yakutia)

In studying the development of Yakutia, the economy and its traditional industries should be considered natural-economic, ecological and economic zoning, agricultural zoning. Historically, the prevailing economic specialization of 15 arctic and the northern (subarctic) ulus corresponds to the integrated nature of the traditional economy. In Allaihovskom, Anabar, Bulun, Lower Kolyma and Ust-Yanskiy, Olenek, Zhigansky areas specialized in reindeer husbandry and fisheries, in Verkhoyansk, Moma, Oimyakon, Tomponsky, Eveno-Bytantayskom areas mainly engaged in reindeer breeding, horse breeding, animal husbandry and fisheries, in Abyyskom, Verkhnekolymsk and Srednekolymsk areas – are mainly cattle, horse breeding and fisheries. The leading branch of agriculture has always had cattle in Yakutia, represented in the north Reindeer, horse breeding, cattle breeding.

The implementation of the agrarian reform of the 1990s led to the fact that the agriculture of the republic for a long period of time was in a state of crisis. The main reasons for this result were, according to experts, a number of factors: the collapse of investment activities, the destruction of the material and manufacturing base and reduction of the scientific and technological level of the agriculture problem of agricultural labor, the decline in living standards and reducing the quality of the workers in agriculture, degradation of agricultural land use, reduction in livestock herds core [1, p. 12, 2, p. 92].

In 1990 he began the reorganization of 19 deer farms in the state unitary enterprise, community or tribal economy. The formation of tribal communities is particularly intensified in 1992 after the law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) "On the birth of the nomadic communities of Indigenous Peoples." Small communities were composed of one - three families usually had parents and their adult children with their families. Large communities were composed of geographically neighboring associations. For example, one of the first communities of Even "Oyotung", formed in 1991 in Allaihovskom ulus, joined the former inhabitants of the village Oyotung. Even resettled during the campaign for the enlargement of farms in the new settlement Olenegorsk. The community was not a mono-, it, except for the Evens, Yakuts were, Yukagir, Russian. In the community, "Multan" Moma ulus of the 57 people included five - seven "large families" Evens and Yakuts, reindeer herding communities in the Union "Tompo" formed on the basis of the former state farm "Tomponsky" - 115 (Evens and Yakuts) [3, p . 37]. By 1998, the tribal communities of the republic had about 47 million hectares of land, they were mostly reindeer pastures and hunting grounds. On January 1, 1999 in the ownership of tribal communities there were 73 thousand deer - 35.2% of the total number of reindeer in Yakutia, in the state-owned enterprises - 97.2 thousand units (46.9%), the personal property of herders - 36, four thousand units (17.6%) and very small portion owned by peasant farmers. There were no significant differences in the organization of reindeer herding in the state farms established on the basis of large communities, state enterprises were not. And they both could not be a long time to pay the salaries of reindeer herders, mostly people have lived through the self-products of hunting, fishing, and through the sale of businesses and individuals to fish, meat, wild reindeer, fur. During this period there was a sharp reduction in the number of deer. In the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from 1990 to the end of the 1998 population has decreased by 51% - from 361.5 to 177.0 thousand. According to economists, the reduction in the number of deer went through that in the vast majority of farms and loss of travezh deer accounted for more than 70% of unproductive waste. First of all, it spoke of poorly organized work of the herders, their weak interest in the outcome of labor, the lack of deer around the clock. For example, in the State Unitary Enterprise "Borogonskoe" Bulun ulus, for ten months of a calendar year, made a unproductive waste of every five adult deer (587 head of 3635 goals at the beginning of the year), and in addition - a departure resulting calves (17.7%). The main departure is in June - October. During this period, the herd or not guarded around the clock, or protected by a shepherd, not two. At the same time, despite the widespread difficulties, some farms had high levels. Thus, a nomadic tribal community "Nutendli" Lower Kolyma ulus had a crew of nine and five chumrabotnits shepherds, where the order has been established around the clock protection and controlled grazing herds, as required by the republican standard. As a result, a team of PI Neustroeva following autumn rediscount on November 1, 2000 in a herd of livestock 1720 deer has made preservation of adult deer by 90.1% and calves out of business by 78.1% only at the expense of the flock around the clock, Although deer and wolves, too, worried [4, p. 88-89].

During the years 1985-2000 the number of reindeer in the Arctic, and studied the 15 northern uluses decreased by 224,944 heads (from 344 117 to 119 173 heads), that is 34.6% [5, 2005]. In 1990, 85.1% of the reindeer population of the republic was in these encampments in 2000 - 76.3%. The largest percentage reduction in population occurred in the years 1990-1995: on the RS (I) - at 114.3 thousand units, including 15 uluses - at 105,227 head, that is, 92% reduction. In the Verkhoyansk ulus for 15 years, the number of deer decreased 15.2 times (!) Abyysky, The Upper, Allaihovsky, Ust-Jansky, Olenek, Bulun uluses lost an average of 82 to 68% of the reindeer. Anabar, Tomponsky uluses lost the least - they herd decreased by 1.5-1.7 times. Others uluses lost an average of half or more of its population of deer. Only in the Verkhoyansk ulus deer population has increased over 2000 by 197 heads, which probably is related to the purchase of new deer.

Picture 1. URL: (31.03.2012)

In the middle of the Arctic and the northern ulus (Verkhoyansk, Srednekolymsk, Tompon-sky, Oimyakon, Abyyskom, Verkhnekolymsk, Moma and Eveno-Bytantayskom) were breeding cattle and horses in the relations of production. The largest number of cattle was in the Verkhoyansk ulus in 1985 - 10,704 heads, including 4218 cows. In 1995, the main stage to the completion of agrarian reform, the number of cattle ulus was 7549 animals including 3493 cows. Livestock population in 10 years has decreased by 29.5%, including 17.2% of cows. According to the ulus of the agriculture department from 1990 to 1995 the number of cattle decreased by 19%, horses -12%. At the same time from 15 farms ulus nine state and collective enterprises have lowered milk production: the average was obtained for 1165 kg of milk per cow per year in 1988 - 1989 - an average of 1879 kg.

The process of caring of the cattle has not undergone large in terms of technology change, had to say about organizational moments - breeding work was not carried out for several years, there were no specialists. In this regard, there was decrease in qualities of breeding cattle and horses, survived only 77% of the calves and 42% of the foals, there was low productivity of livestock [6, 7]. In 1995, the Ulus were 55 farms, they have been allocated 5,273 hectares of land, including direct agricultural production - 3287 ha. Also in Ulus had by this time 266 sayylychnyh households, who owned 1995 hectares of land. As of October 1, 1995, and the peasant farms were 48.2% in cattle and 14.8% of the horses. In the first nine months of 1995 they produced 207 tons of meat (28.3% of obscheulusnogo volume) and 2332 tons of milk (58.1%). In the absence of a centralized organization of labor in peasant and individual farms blank lines, they worked in very difficult conditions, and could not use their full potential because of organizational barriers. A slight increase in their stock holdings was but the peasant and individual farms all their efforts were sent out to somehow provide for themselves. They did not have normal conditions for the sale of their products, produced an incredible work in conditions of insufficient food supply, higher prices for services and petroleum. For individual farms lack of processing facility at Ulus are not allowed to fully realize the manufactured products [6, 7].

During the years of 1985-2000 the number of the cattle in the Arctic and the northern encampments has decreased to the 13,333 heads (from 35 380 to 22 047 head), that is by 37.7%. In 1990, these encampments were only 8.3% of livestock republic in 2000 - 7.6%. In Verkhoyansk, Srednekolymsk, Tomponsky encampments had the largest number of cattle, and in them there was a decline of livestock for 15 years, almost two-fold. There were no cattle in the Anabar Ulus. Number of cows 15 uluses decreased by 32.4% (from 13 777 to 9317 individuals), the average of all proportion to the reduction in cattle. With regard to national data, all these 15 years the number of cows of the northern and arctic ulus remained in the proportion of 9,1-8,5%.

The number of horses in 15 encampments over 15 years was reduced to 9138 heads, or 26.1%, but when you consider that in 1990, compared to the year 1985 passed an increase in the number of horses, over 10 years, the number of horses declined by 11,387 head (from 34,936 to 25,798 head), that is by 30.6%. Across the country the number of horses decreased by 35% or 70.0 thousand heads. The greatest number of horses to the top of the study period was in Verkhoyansk, Srednekolymsk, Oimyakon encampments, with over 15 years Verkhoyansk ulus lost almost half of the herd of horses - 42.6%, Srednekolymsk heartland - from 13.8 to 26.7%, Oimyakon ulus - 20 5%.

As a consequence, due to the reduction of population and low productivity of livestock in the 15 studied encampments there was a sharp drop in production of meat and milk. For example, for 1990-2000 the volume of meat production in the northern and arctic encampments fell to 9671 tonnes (13 660 to 3989 tonnes in live weight), or 3.4 times. In the nation wide scale meat production decrease by 51.3 %, in the Northern territories – by 70.7%. While in 1985 15 studied ulus gave 20.7% of the total meat production, in 2000 - only 12.4%. Production of milk in them occupied by Republican volume in 1985 10.0%, and in 2000 - 7.7%. During 1990-2000, both in the whole country, and studied in the encampments, the volume of milk production fell by 38.6% (from 26 863 to 12 710 tonnes)

Problems of the development of the northern livestock, primarily expressed in the enormous decrease in population and decrease the level of production of meat and milk, in purely economic terms, make it possible to calculate the losses of the transformation period of the traditional economy. But the main costs are seen as a whole in the social implications for the development of the whole transformation of traditional economic system, including the economy, social structure, demography, natural resources and ecology of traditional society. The main social prob- lems for the indigenous peoples of the republic are:

the deterioration of the demographic situation - the declining of the birth rates;

the violation of sex and age structure of the population the increase in mortality, the conditions of the infant and the working-ages;

the deterioration of the social and living and sanitary conditions;

alcoholism;

the sharp drop in the level of medical care;

the rising of the level of unemployment;

low levels of vocational education, which creates serious problems in recruitment and economic structures;

the decline of traditional sectors of the economy;

the disruption of the ecological balance of the territories.

The establishment of the market relations and the change of political system in the country affected the fate of each person. Transformations in the traditional economy in the recent period in the history of the republic were not the first since the beginning of the twentieth century, which radically changed conditions of life of people working in this area, and the very structure of the traditional economy. Sharp, to some extent a spontaneous process of translating the traditional industries of the North to the private economic basis and swift, imposed from above, the rate of return to the original way of life followed by an enormous burden of socio-economic nature. The only thing that compared to other periods of leave hope for a successful outcome of transformations in the development of northern traditional economy, this is what their hopes and wishes are heard and taken into account in the subsequent development of mechanisms for the implementation of agricultural policy in general. This requires a comprehensive study of traditional ways of life of rural workers, the analysis of the causes and consequences of their true socioeconomic status. Their findings could help in the implementation of specific plans to achieve a decent material blah-being. As a whole in the development of the traditional economy of the North and agriculture properties, in Yakutia, as well as their most important industries - farming, success and sustainability will depend on an adequate integrated approach to the whole system of the traditional lifestyle of the rural indigenous population.