The role of functional-cognitive dictionary in describing various phraseological levels

At the present stage of the development of phraseology, the interest of researchers in the development of such theoretical directions is especially relevant, which will make it possible to look in a new way at the rich phraseological material accumulated over the centuries, turning to the problem of phraseological modeling, the mechanisms of creating phraseological units, constructing the concept of phraseological units, their mental image.

The further development of phraseology, as V.N. Telia points out, consists in the development of new methods of description, developed in line with the grammar of the generative type and therefore "splicing" the methods of lexicology and syntax, on the one hand, and on the other, paying attention to such problems as conditions references, pragmatic functions, role in a speech act. Phraseology found itself within its own taxonomic boundaries, playing the role of an iron curtain between it and lexicology. Requires de-preservation of the phraseology itself and the integration of its results into the general description of the language in action [2, 52-53].

The functional-cognitive dictionary [3] contributes to the solution of this problem, since phraseological units are given in it against the background of extensive lexical material, which allows us to determine their nominative- taxonomic and cognitive functions, as well as their place in the general language system. The volumetric lexical background reveals a deep isomorphism between the nominative means of the language and phraseological categories that fill them in lexico-syntactic ways.

This functional-cognitive dictionary includes several categories of phraseological units. First, these are phraseological combinations, or lexical collocations. In this section of the dictionary, various types of related meanings are given, which make up a special set of phraseological units. Among them are substantive-adjective combinations: evil fate, bitter fate, tragic fate, sentimental conversation, peace negotiations, a loud phrase, an emergency situation, age-old traditions, a dog's life, untimely death, tragic death, sudden death; verb-nominal combinations: pull out of the throat, publicize, criticize, etc.; combinations with the metaphorical use of words: corridors, echelons of power, a wooden ruble, a sphere of activity, a field of enlightenment, a bear's corner, white light, a gift of fate, pitch hell, earthly paradise, etc .; various types of language clichés, "speech patterns", for example, formulas for greeting, politeness, opening a conversation, gratitude, offers of services, advice, etc .: best wishes, good hour, happy journey; happy New Year; to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to say all the best, do not remember dashingly, etc. A large place in the dictionary is occupied by lexical idioms as the core of phraseology. Idioms are equivalent to words in terms of their integral nominative function and are expressively colored. For example: to live below the poverty line, to drag out a miserable existence, to fight off home, to break a comedy, to bend one’s soul, to fight like a fish on ice, to barely make ends meet, to let fog, in all honesty, pour out your soul, turn your soul out to a stranger, show your heels hitting your finger in the sky.1

Phraseologisms supplement the nominative inventory of the language with the missing evaluative and expressive means, idioms are always richer in details

[2, 84]. They, as a rule, describe such aspects of the designated phenomena, events, realities that remain not fixed in the main nominative units of the language. So, in the cognitive sphere of speech, not all signs of speech activity are expressed, and, naturally, they are supplemented by idioms. In idioms, participants in the situation are involved who are not represented among the main parametric characteristics, for example, instrumental act, ants, tongue, ears, means of articulating speech throat, pharynx, teeth, mouth: tongue loosened, keep his mouth shut, open his tongue, bite his tongue, porridge mouth, tongue braided, it broke off the tongue, screaming at the top of the throat, at the top of your voice, tearing your throat, tearing your throat / throat, bawling / bawling, squeezing through your teeth; tongue poorly / well suspended; weak on the tongue, long tongue, tongue without bones, tongue like a pomelo. Wed also: prick up ears, hang ears, ears on top of the head, buzz all ears, sing in someone's ears; give free rein to the tongue, it broke off the tongue, the devil pulled the tongue, chatter (grind, ruffle, scratch) with the tongue, call out the tongue, shut up the mouth, pull the tongue, the tongue does not turn, shorten the tongue. The listed idioms express such additional meanings as prohibition, involuntary, unintentional action, intensity, undesirability of action, quantitative, qualitative signs.

The specifics of the phraseological significance of the components of the phraseological unit, which manifests itself in their dependence on the corresponding denotative situation and the situation of use, as well as dependence on the figurative structure of the phraseological unit: someone has a tongue without bones, “someone is too talkative, speaks too much,” someone’s tongue itches -or – “I want to say something, to speak uncontrollably.” Further, the author rightly emphasizes the anthropocentric nature of phraseology and its organic connection with active cognitive activity. In his opinion, the features of phraseological semantics are entirely determined by speech-thinking processes. Reflected in the minds of denotative situations, being associated with already existing knowledge, develop certain schemes of those situations that are actualized by means of secondary nomination. It is necessary for a phraseological designation of a speech-thinking element to reproduce in memory a direct unobservable situation or object [1, 248-256].

In all areas of the dictionary, there is an interaction of units of the lexical and phraseological levels. Phraseological units increase the cognitive potential of the paradigmatic class and cause a significant complication of the content and replenishment of the volume of the cognitive sphere. So, in the sphere of "living" phraseological units appear in different blocks, increasing their volume.

There are numerous phraseological units that express the theme of death: to lay hands on oneself, play in a box, give up the ghost, ghost out, end your days, give your soul to God, give up your ends, say goodbye to life, retreat into eternity, breathe your last breath, stretch your legs, to leave life, go to a better world, go to the grave, fall asleep in eternal sleep, put a bullet on the forehead; to lay on the spot, to bring to the grave, to put up against the wall, to wipe off the face of the earth, to drive into a coffin, to knock out the spirit, to release the guts, to bury.2

With the help of phraseological units, phrases of being are transmitted: to enter into life; to stand with one foot in the grave, to breathe in incense, at death, on his deathbed, at the last gasp, the hour of death, at the end of days, in the declining years, until the grave, until the end of days, until the grave, until death, until the last breath ... The initial phase of the predetermination of being (fate) is expressed by phraseological units: to be born in a shirt, in a shirt; be born under a lucky star; written in the family.

Some phraseological units convey aspects of life support: to run aground, rolling around like cheese in butter, skipping bread for kvass, sitting on bread and water, dragging out a miserable existence; fatalities: by the will of fate, irony of fate, tempt fate; find a way out of the situation, origin and kinship: no clan and tribe, no clan or tribe, seventh water on jelly, blue blood; age: sand is pouring, not the first youth, old and small, in years, in years, years have passed, in old age; locality: under the open sky, under the moon, between heaven and earth, a place under the sun, at the end of the world, white light, in the next world, assessments: drink a bitter cup to the bottom, not see the white light, live like a bird of heaven, live in perfect harmony, eat someone else's bread.

Being most often vivid, figurative-emotional, expressive-evaluative means of the Russian language, it is phraseological units that contribute to the creation of a meaningful, expressive picture of the world, the originality of which lies in the perception of sensually tangible, visual images based on associative perception and perceived against the background of a holistic generalized-figurative meaning phraseological unit.