The role of negative social capital in society



(р ݀ а ݀ б ݀ о ݀ т ݀ , ॱ у ݀ с ݀ л ݀ у ݀ г ݀ ), ॱ р ݀ е ݀ з ݀ у ݀ л ݀ ь ݀ т ݀ а ݀ т ݀ о ݀ в ॱ и ݀ н ݀ т ݀ е ݀ л ݀ л ݀ е ݀ к ݀ т ݀  ݀ а ݀ л ݀ ь ݀  ݀  ݀ й ॱ д ݀ ݀  ݀ т ݀ е ݀ л ݀ ь ݀ н ݀ о ݀ с ݀ т ݀ и н ݀ а ॱ р ݀ ы ݀ н ݀ о ݀ к

ॱ Р ݀ о ݀ с ݀ с ݀ и ݀ й ݀ с ݀ к ݀ о ݀ й ॱ Ф ݀ е ݀ д ݀ е ݀ р ݀ а ݀ ц ݀ ݀ и и ॱ р ݀ ݀ н ݀ к ݀ и ॱ и ݀ ݀ ݀ с ݀ т ݀ р ݀ а ݀ ݀ н ݀ ы ݀ х ॱ г ݀ о ݀ с ݀ у ݀ д ݀ а ݀ р ݀ с ݀ т ݀ в ݀ ;

• у ݀ в ݀ е ݀ л ݀ и ݀ ч ݀ е ݀ н ݀ и ݀ е      ॱ к ݀ о ݀ л ݀  ݀ ч ݀ е ݀ с ݀ т ݀ в ݀ а      ॱ с ݀  ݀ б ݀  ݀ е ݀ к ݀ т ݀  ݀ в      ॱ м ݀ ݀ л ݀ о ݀ г ݀ о     и      ॱ с ݀ р ݀ е ݀ д ݀ н ݀ е ݀ г ݀ о

ॱ п ݀ р ݀ е ݀ д ݀ п ݀ р ݀ и ݀ н ݀ и ݀ м ݀ а ݀ т ݀ е ݀ л ݀ ь ݀ с ݀ т ݀ в ݀ а ݀ ;

• о ݀ б ݀ е ݀ с ݀ п ݀ е ݀ ч ݀ ݀ н ݀ и ݀ е ॱ з ݀ ݀ н ݀ я ݀ т ݀ о ݀ с ݀ т ݀ и ॱ н ݀ а ݀ с ݀ е ݀ л ݀ е ݀ н ݀ ݀ я и ॱ ݀ а ݀ з ݀ в ݀ ݀ т ݀ и ݀ е ॱ с ݀ а ݀ м ݀ о ݀ з ݀ а ݀ н ݀ я ݀ т ݀ о ݀ с ݀ т ݀ и ݀ ;

• у ݀ в ݀ е ݀ л ݀ и ݀ ч ݀ е ݀ н ݀ и ݀ е ॱ д ݀ о ݀ л ݀ и ॱ п ݀ р ݀ о ݀ и ݀ з ݀ в ݀ о ݀ ݀ ݀ ݀ ы ݀ х ॱ с ݀ у ݀ б ݀ ъ ݀ е ݀ ݀ т ݀ а ݀ м ݀ и ॱ м ݀ а ݀ л ݀ о ݀ г ݀ о и ॱ с ݀ р ݀ е ݀ д ݀ н ݀ е ݀ г ݀ о ॱ п ݀ р ݀ е ݀ д ݀ п ݀ р ݀ и ݀ ݀ ݀ ݀ а ݀ т ݀ е ݀ л ݀ ь ݀ с ݀ т ݀ в ݀ а ॱ т ݀ ݀ в ݀ а ݀ р ݀ ݀ в (р ݀ а ݀ ݀ о ݀ т ݀ , ॱ у ݀ с ݀ л ݀ у ݀ г ݀ ) в ॱ о ݀ б ݀ ъ ݀ е ݀ м ݀ е ॱ в ݀ а ݀ л ݀ о ݀ в ݀ о ݀ г ݀ о ॱ в ݀ н ݀ у ݀ т ݀ р ݀ е ݀ н ݀ н ݀ е ݀ г ݀ о ॱ п ݀ р ݀ о ݀ д ݀ у ݀ к ݀ т ݀ а ݀ ;

• у ݀ в ݀ е ݀ л ݀ и ݀ ч ݀ е ݀ н ݀ и ݀ е ॱ д ݀ о ݀ л ݀ и ॱ у ݀ п ݀ л ݀ а ݀ ч ݀ е ݀ н ݀ н ݀ ݀ х ॱ с ݀ у ݀ б ݀ ъ ݀ е ݀ к ݀ т ݀ ݀ ݀ и ॱ м ݀ а ݀ л ݀ о ݀ г ݀ о и ॱ с ݀ р ݀ е ݀ д ݀ н ݀ е ݀ г ݀ о ॱ п ݀ р ݀ е ݀ д ݀ п ݀ р ݀ и ݀ н ݀ и ݀ м ݀ а ݀ т ݀ е ݀ л ݀ ь ݀ с ݀ т ݀ в ݀ а ॱ н ݀ ݀ л ݀ о ݀ г ݀ о ݀ в в ॱ н ݀ а ݀ л ݀ о ݀ г ݀ о ݀ в ݀ ы ݀ х ॱ д ݀  ݀  ݀ о ݀ д ݀ а ݀ х ॱ ф ݀ е ݀ д ݀ е ݀ р ݀ а ݀ л ݀ ь ݀ н ݀ о ݀ г ݀ о

ॱ б ݀ ю ݀ д ݀ ж ݀ е ݀ т ݀ ݀ , ॱ б ݀ ю ݀ д ݀  ݀ е ݀ т ݀ о ݀ в ॱ с ݀ у ݀ б ݀ ъ ݀ е ݀ к ݀ т ݀ о ݀ в ॱ Р ݀  ݀ с ݀ с ݀ и ݀ й ݀ с ݀ к ݀  ݀ й ॱ Ф ݀ ݀  ݀ е ݀ р ݀ а ݀ ц ݀ и ݀ и и ॱ м ݀ е ݀ с ݀ т ݀ н ݀ ы ݀ х

ॱ б ݀ ю ݀ д ݀ ж ݀ е ݀ т ݀ о ݀ в ݀ .

И ݀ з ॱ в ݀ ы ݀ ш ݀ е ݀ п ݀ р ݀ и ݀ в ݀ ݀ д ݀ е ݀  ݀  ݀ о ݀ г ݀ о ॱ я ݀ с ݀ н ݀ о ݀ , ॱ ч ݀ т ݀ о ॱ г ݀  ݀ с ݀  ݀ д ݀ а ݀  ݀ с ݀ т ݀ в ݀ о н ݀ е ॱ о ݀ т ݀ в ݀ о ݀ д ݀ и ݀ т ॱ в ݀ а ݀ ж ݀ н ݀ о ݀ й

ॱ р ݀ о ݀ л ݀ и ॱ м ݀ а ݀ л ݀ о ݀  ݀ у и ॱ с ݀ р ݀ е ݀ д ݀ н ݀ е ݀ м ݀ у   ॱ п ݀ р ݀ е ݀ д ݀  ݀  ݀ и ݀  ݀  ݀  ݀ а ݀ т ݀ е ݀ л ݀ ь ݀ с ݀ т ݀ в ݀ у  в   ॱ и ݀ н ݀ н ݀ о ݀ в ݀ а ݀ ц ݀ и ݀ о ݀ н ݀ н ݀ о ݀ м

ॱ р ݀ ݀ з ݀ в ݀ и ݀ т ݀ и ݀ и ॱ с ݀ т ݀ р ݀ а ݀ н ݀ ы ݀ . С ݀ л ݀ е ݀ д ݀ о ݀ в ݀ а ݀ т ݀ е ݀ л ݀ ь ݀ н ݀ о ݀ , ॱ с ݀ л ݀ е ݀ д ݀ у ݀ ю ݀ щ ݀ и ݀ м ॱ ш ݀ а ݀ г ݀ о ݀ м ॱ п ݀ р ݀ о ݀ в ݀ о ݀ д ݀ и ݀ м ݀ о ݀ г ݀ о

ॱ и ݀ с ݀ ݀ л ݀ е ݀ д ݀ о ݀ в ݀ а ݀ н ݀ и ݀ я ॱ с ݀ т ݀ а ݀ ݀ о ݀ в ݀ и ݀ т ݀ с ݀ я ॱ н ݀ е ݀ о ݀ б ݀ х ݀ о ݀ д ݀ и ݀ м ݀ о ݀ с ݀ т ݀ ь ॱ р ݀ а ݀ с ݀ с ݀ м ݀ о ݀ т ݀ ݀ е ݀ н ݀ и ݀ я ॱ с ݀ о ݀ ݀ р ݀ е ݀ м ݀ е ݀ н ݀ н ݀ ы ݀ х ॱ м ݀ о ݀ д ݀ е ݀ л ݀ е ݀ й ॱ и ݀ н ݀ н ݀ о ݀ в ݀ а ݀ ц ݀  ݀ о ݀ н ݀ н ݀ о ݀ г ݀ о ॱ р ݀ а ݀ з ݀ в ݀ и ݀ т ݀ и ݀ я ॱ п ݀  ݀ е ݀ д ݀ п ݀  ݀ и ݀  ݀ т ݀ и ݀ й ॱ м ݀ ݀ л ݀ о ݀ г ݀ о ॱ б ݀ и ݀ з ݀ н ݀ е ݀ с ݀ а ݀ .

Лян И.Р.

студент 2-го курса факультет «Международные финансы»

Васьбиева Д.Г., к.э.н.

научный руководитель, доцент кафедра «Иностранные языки-4»

Финансовый университет при Правительстве РФ

Россия, г. Москва

THE ROLE OF NEGATIVE SOCIAL CAPITAL IN SOCIETY

Social capital which consists of networks, trust and reciprocity, is one of the main components of civil society that makes it prosper. However, social capital has also its negatives sides as there are two different dimensions to it called „bonding social capital‟ and „bridging social capital‟. The first one implies that there exist close ties, trust and bonding inside a group that extend to all its members. The second one ensures that members of a certain network are able to make connections and build trust with other people who don’t belong to this group. Too much bonding and not enough bridging capital can lead to negative externalities. The distinction should also be made between public goods-producing and private goods-producing associations which have different effects on the commonwealth. The first type produces positive social capital and generalized trust that is beneficial both for members of network and the public. The second type brings positive outcomes only to members of the group but negative social capital to outsiders due to particularized trust.

Negative social capital has an effect on society, which is evident in the two cases such as mafia in the US and Italy, and English Defense League in England. Mafia has emerged in the mid 19 century in Sicily, Italy and then also settled in the US after immigration waves at the beginning of the XX century. Mafia has always been famous for strong bonding and large capital stock inside the group due to family ties, kinship, reciprocity, strict adherence to norms and rules so Mafia has abundant bonding social capital. The problem is that Mafia imposes negative externalities on society through illegitimacy, bribery and crime due to particularized trust and lack of bridging social capital. So we can say that Mafia is a private-goods producing association that represents dark side of social capital and civil society.

English Defense League is another example of negative social capital. It’s a large informal street protest movement that is opposed to spread of extremist Islamism in UK. This group is based on social networks like Facebook where people with common ideas and goals unite, bond, share their views and opinions so bonding is quite strong in this movement. EDL also tries to engage in producing bridging social capital by making alliances with some other marginalized unions protecting rights of women, sexual minorities and many others to improve its social image. But it’s not possible to say that EDL is beneficial for the whole society as it’s an opposition to another group- Muslims so EDL is more likely to be a private goods- producing association rather than public one as it produces private good that has positive effects on members of EDL but imposes negative externalities on the public by creating mistrust and social confusion among people.

Russia as a country which is not considered to be highly developed has large amounts of negative social capital for a number of reasons. Firstly, low level of trust and self-organization are typical for Russian society that can be explained by political history of the country. Practice shows that countries that favored democratic principles for a long time successfully adopt and accumulate large amount of social capital. Democracy in Russia appeared not so long ago. So lack of social capital is understandable. As a result, social groups in Russia tend to have neither large bonding capital nor bridging capital. Secondly, excessive government intervention into politics and economy of the country don’t allow social capital to develop. Russia historically has undeveloped civil society so people can’t resolve complicated social problems on their own. Therefore the government has to help its citizens and regulate almost all aspects of their lives. At the same time, social capital declines because social capital and government correlate negatively. Such economy is ineffective due to weak social capital and inability of citizens to affect government’s decisions. Thirdly, citizens tend to solve their problems on their own but they often can’t do that alone so they engage in corruption to pursue own aims which leads to increase of negative social capital. This results in low investments in Russian economy. Investors don’t trust government and business representatives while citizens don’t trust investors. So Russia should accumulate more social capital to transit to post industrial economy.

Two main factors are the cause of negative social capital in society. The first one is the lack of bridging social capital and the second one is particularized trust which is produced by private goods producing associations. Russia as a state with transitional economy has accumulated large amounts of social capital which prevents the country from shifting to post industrial economy.