The Soviet experience of the mobilization decisions in the development of the Arctic and the Northern Sea Route in 1930-1950 years

Exploration of the Arctic and the Northern Sea Route, Soviet government found as a major problem, the solution of which was necessary for the country's economic development and the strengthening of the strategic position of the state on the northern borders. Problems of the economic development of the northern territories were considered in the preparation of the plans for the industrialization of the USSR. On I-Union Conference on the distribution of the productive forces, which took place in Moscow in autumn 1932, the chairman of state plan Mezhlauk V.I. said that the state attaches great importance to the problems of the North and "is ready to attack on all fronts". Therefore, in the second five-year period is necessary to put "full length the problem of developing the Soviet North" [17].

In this vein, everything was present at the conference. They said that in the Arctic must be addressed primarily transport problems, which could make the North more accessible. This re- quires the construction of the railways and roads, development of the river transport, the creation of new airlines. Another problem, which was scheduled by the scientists and representatives of the Soviet government, industrial development was relevant to the national economy of the natural resources:

Group of the North, State plan of the USSR headed by S. V. Slavin prepared, in their opinion, the concept of the socialist development of the North, which was announced at the conference, almost entirely included in its resolution became the basis for the adoption of Governmental solutions to the North in 1930-ies. Fundamental provisions of the state concept of the northern development in this period were as follows:

• a)    Development of the North must completely obey the decision of the most important tasks of the national economy of the USSR.

• b)    It is yet to be restrictive because of the difficulties in the northern areas of the promotion and appreciation of the work here. In the North, it is necessary to build only those enterprises, which "caused the most urgent national economic necessity and can not be built in other areas more efficiently and cost-effectively".

• c)    Development of the North should be at the highest technical level, which could turn "reclaim" spots "in the real centers of the socialist economy, based on which it will be possible to further the broader development of the North".

• d)    The basis of the North development should serve the old industrial areas, giving not only the machinery and equipment, but sharing experienced personnel, labor force, which in the north an acute shortage.

• e)    In addition, should present a differentiated approach to the development of each region of the North. You can not treat the North as a homogeneous whole, despite some common rallying point. Problems of the North can be specifically allowed only on its separate economic complexes.

All these strategic ideas were reflected in the tasks of the second five-year plan for the development of the Soviet economy, which was included as a separate part of the section on "Development of the Soviet Arctic". In the introduction to the section stated that "from certain activities on the study and the economic development of the Arctic, we turn to the systematic, calculated on the number of years, a broad study of the industrial development and the polar regions of the Soviet Union" [5].

On this basis, in the northern assumed a larger scale than before, the development of the forest industry, the widespread use of the forest resources by local processing of wood raw material. Indicated that the northern regions should ensure scarce forest products regions of the European part of the country, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, as well as perform exports USSR.

In the field of mining planned development of apatite-nepheline ores on the Kola Peninsula, the Pechora coal basin and gold deposits in the areas of the north-east of the USSR: in the basins of the Kolyma Indigirka, Aldan, Yana and others involve large geological research program to identify mineral resources the use of which would be necessary for the development of the national economy. In 1935 construction began on the North Asian Norilsk mining and metallurgical enterprises.

Much attention is paid to the development of the transport network, which had for the development of the North essential. Specific targets were drawn up for the development of the Northern Sea Route, the development of the river transport and the construction of a number of railroads, facilitate resolution of the problems identified in the concept development of the North. It, however, there was no place for the implementation of actively discussed the idea of building a second after Transsib northern latitudinal line from Murmansk to the Sea of Okhotsk (Ayan port), the so-called Great Northern Road. After a heated discussion at a conference on the distribution of productive forces and in print, this idea was rejected as untimely and very expensive.

In our opinion, the state in this period really was not ready for large-scale development of the North, which involves the construction of the Great Northern Railway across the country, and has gone the way of so-called meridional development associated with the creation of a separate business "nests". All cost solutions were made in favor of the arrangement of the Northern Sea Route.

In December 1932 for the implementation of the planned program to address SNK was created specific organization called Headquarter Northern Sea Route (Glavsevmorput), which had the duty to "finally pave the Northern Sea Route from the White Sea to the Bering Strait, to equip this way, keep it in good condition and ensure the voyage in this way "[13, p. 9].

The activities of the new organization, the Soviet government had high expectations. It is acting on the Rights of the ministry, was to unite in their part of all who had previously worked in the Arctic organizations belonging to different departments, including the Arctic Institute, which at one time was created to study the problems of the Northern Sea Route, designated as the main scientific objectives state value. Director of the Institute Schmidt was appointed chief of NSRA.

Management was supposed to provide a comprehensive socio-economic development of the Arctic territories of the USSR using the latest means of the transport and communication, accompanied by the creation of the port communities and various manufacturing companies. With the help of the staff of the Arctic Research Institute provides for the organization of the permanent stations and polar expeditions to study the seas and islands of the Arctic Ocean, which had promptly provide the information necessary for the development of the navigation along the Northern Sea Route. So organized expedition Lena initiated systematic cargo delivery flights from the west to the northern regions of Yakutia. It is already in 1933-1934, allowed to lead to the port of Tiksi (mouth of the Lena) large river ships to deliver goods upriver to Yakutia, in the Lena River basin, as well as pools Yana Kolyma Indigirka. Tiksi communicates through the Northern Sea Route and a major river port of sturgeon, which was later railway, was laid from Taishet Transsib to Bratsk-Ust-Kut [16, p. 16].

In the first production in 1933 NSRA activity, several things happened that required mobilization solutions. Besides regular navigation that already assessed as ordinary work in the Arctic, led by Schmidt took the first big research expedition on the steamer "Chelyuskin", which ended tragically, fortunately only for a steamer. It is not secured wiring icebreakers got adrift off the coast of Chukotka and died, crushed ice. Crew, passengers and scientific personnel, landed on the drifting ice floe. The whole world watched the rescue of Chelyuskinites, which was evaluated as a heroic event. However, the epic voyage to "Chelyuskin" showed that the USSR as a whole has not yet reached the level when sailing across the Northern Sea Route can be effective and safe. First, there is the right amount of powerful icebreakers, without which there can walk freighters. Secondly, it is necessary to develop and improve the polar aviation, which should fly over the coast and the ocean at any time of year.

Following the report by Schmidt on the expedition to "Chelyuskin" the special commission was formed under the chairmanship of Kuibyshev, which was to examine all the circumstances surrounding the development of the Arctic and the Northern Sea Route and prepare proposals for the government decision-making. As a result, July 20, 1934 was a joint decree of the SNK and the CPSU (b) "On Measures for the Northern Sea Route and the northern economy", which was essentially a program of the action mobilization of the NSRA in the Arctic in the coming years. The decision referred to the need to find ways to build new icebreakers in the USSR, seaports and radio centers, development of the polar aviation, construction of the airports and air lines, special aircraft for the Arctic, as well as measures were planned training polar different specialization. The zone of activity specific organization were classified sea and islands of the Arctic Ocean and the continental territory of the Asian part of the country, located north of the 62nd parallel ( parallel Yakutsk ) [15].

Ability to active mobilization activities was laid in the structure of the NSRA, headed by a chief appointed by SNK and controlled by him alone. When the chief as an advisory body, the Council worked NSRA consisting of the specialists, but he did not take an independent decisions.

Personal its composition formed on the proposal of the chief, who was responsible for all the activities of the Office. When the chief sector worked on the selection and allocation of personnel, accountable to him were all specialized, general and administrative departments, research, design and construction organizations, long-term ice forecasts, etc. [8, p. 243-245].

NSRA undivided structure to some extent limited only by the Political Administration, acting on the basis of the particular situation. In 1938, it included 11 political departments and party organizers released 15 polar stations and businesses, whose task is constant work with groups and individuals in all enterprises subordinate to the NSRA. Specificity of the Arctic is definitely a big demand from people restraint and responsibility that must be present and appear constantly. On the instructions of the state leadership to solve important national task associated with the development of the territories of the Far North. Party organizations in this regard have become some guiding center and mobilization mechanism not only in productive activities of NSRA workers, but also in the organization of their life in general and life in the Arctic.

At the expense of the party organizations to create certain mobilization framework across multifunctional organization. Party cells, party organizers have actively participated in the work of all departments of NSRA, ideologically and morally supported explorers. Communists were placed in leadership positions in all sectors of the management and production is a technical and ideological mobilization conductor’s policy. First and could suffer from it. Repression 1930-1940 – ies often first hit by members.

Since 1934, political workers were preparing for the Arctic in a special way. In their preparation, together with the political directorate of the top leaders attended the NSRA, experienced explorers and scientists who were genuinely committed to their work and often challenged by his example wishing to work and live in the North. Great importance was attached to the so-called political studies, the organization and conduct which, along with political workers had to involve all of the leaders of the various ranks. They by the regulation on the organization approved SNK, engaged not only in the production activities of the enterprises, but also the political education of their subordinates, contributed through the introduction of the various forms of the competition to develop their labor enthusiasm, creative approach to assigned work, as well as reported by various information on the state policies about his position in the world [7, p. 29-31]. All this taken together helped mobilize people to perform state-designated targets.

In 1935-1936, held a number of high-latitude already floats on icebreakers "Sadko", "Sedov", "Maligin", "and Krasin". In 1936, the icebreaker "Litke" successfully moved from west to east along the Arctic seas two destroyers. This expedition, led by Schmidt showed that the North- ern Sea Route may have not only transport but also important military and defense implications. Experience was used during the Great Patriotic War in the translation of military courts from the east to the west [14, p. 13].

In the second half of the 1930s, received a large development of the polar aviation. During these years, it has developed into an independent branch with its own special challenges, with experienced pilot’s explorers capable of solving complex and specific tasks in the air travel in the Arctic. In connection with Chelyuskin epic was established in the USSR Hero of the Soviet Union. First received the honorary title of seven brave explorers’ pilots who participated in the rescue Chelyuskinites.

In 1936, were committed long flight across the North Sea Route pilot VS Molokov on the route Moscow - Rudolf Island - Moscow pilot MV Vodop'yanov. Arctic air route along the Eurasian coast linked to Moscow the most remote bases of the Soviet Arctic, with its ports, wintering, polar stations and industrial buildings. 1937 marked historical Transarctic hops Chkalov, then Gromov of the USSR over the North Pole in North America. Held the world's first expedition to the heavy aircraft landing at the North Pole with the creation of scientific drifting station "North Pole", headed by Papanin. Since that time the aircraft Polar Aviation USSR began to perform regularly both scientific and strategic flights, away from the coast for a considerable distance. Aviation has become increasingly used for communication with the remote northern areas and wintering, delivering cargo and passengers not only in a short period of navigation, but also throughout the year.

By 1941 at the disposal of the NSRA had powerful at that time aviation throughout the Far North - from Arkhangelsk to Providence Bay. Planes could fly to Vladivostok. More than 200 aircraft with experienced crews polar pilots based in Moscow, Krasnoyarsk, Tyumen, Igarka Yakutsk Tiksi. They flew across the North to the Pole itself, provide research, ice air reconnaissance, pilotage in ice, as well as connections to remote northern settlements. By 1941 in the field of activity Glavsemorputi were regularly acting airlines: Tyumen - Salekhard, Krasnoyarsk - Dixon, Tiksi - Anadyr. In Krasnoyarsk acted Aircraft Repair Plant and school polar pilots in Nikolaev.

Building domestic icebreakers and create a powerful icebreaker fleet was a separate page in the development of the Arctic areas. Until the mid- 1930s, the Soviet icebreaker fleet consisted of icebreakers, mostly built in the pre-revolutionary period or purchased abroad. Legendary "Ermak", built in 1899, and served for a long time though (only in 1964 it was decommissioned) , but no longer meet the increasing demands of the maritime transport and hopelessly out of date to the beginning of the NSRA activities . Therefore, the task was to create more powerful domestic icebreaking fleet. Practically all Soviet icebreakers, including the nuclear, built in the postwar years, were built at the Admiralty Shipyard in Leningrad.

In the USSR, construction of the large marine icebreakers capable of conquering the Arctic ice, began in 1936 with the construction of the icebreaker "Sibir" capacity of about 12 thousand liters. The country began to occupy a leading position in the global lice breaker. At the beginning of the 1950s, the USSR was a recognized leader in the production of powerful icebreakers (more than 25 thousand liters), used for piloting in the Arctic and other freezing seas. The most significant achievement of the Soviet ice-breaking building was makingin 1959 the world's first icebreaker with a power plant on nuclear fuel - nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin" [10, p. 9-11].

In 1938, construction began Murmansk shipyard. In the "Komsomolskaya Pravda" and other national newspapers published an appeal NSRA leadership of the Komsomol and the appeal of the Komsomol and youth to build, which has found a warm response. Was filed on more than 30 thousand applications of the intended 20. According to the memoirs Papanin, headed at that time Glavsevmorput, plant was built with great enthusiasm and a very fast pace. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he was already working at full capacity, producing all of repairs icebreakers and transport vessels USSR and Allied ships, received damage during convoys from Nazi bombs and shells [14, p. 16-17].

In the 1930s, NSRA activities spread over a vast area - from the islands of Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya to Chukotka. From year to year it increased state funding. If in 1933, its size was 18 million rubles, in 1937 - 400. As a result, the cost over five years by the State in Glavsemorputi totaled 922 million rubles. Total capital expenditures for the five years amounted to 465 million rubles, up from 26.4 million in 1933 to 164.5 million rubles in 1937. One third of them were aimed at the development of maritime transport, including the construction of the icebreaker fleet. More than one fifth of investments went into making polar aviation. At the same time equipped and passenger airlines Omsk - Salekhard, Krasnoyarsk - Igarka Yakutsk - Tiksi [13, p. 16].

In the 1930s, Glavsevmorput with authority on the northern issues Commissariat united efforts of the many agencies and organizations in the study and the economic development of the Soviet Arctic, which have increasingly opened their wealth to serve public purposes. On the Kola Peninsula were discovered reserves of apatite - "stone of fertility" in the pools and Pechora discovered commercial reserves of oil and coal. In Kolyma and Indighirka Soviet geologists discovered new deposits of gold, which became the basis for the creation of large gold mining companies here? We must pay tribute to the work of all services and departments exploration in the Arctic. Their work was well organized, and it did not stop during the war, especially on relevant research- es related to the search of local kinds of fuel resources. In 1941, coal mining began in the Bay "Coal" for the supply port Providence. In 1943 it was mastered brown coal deposit in the mouth Sogo, near the port of Tiksi. In the same year was mastered coal mine at Noordwijk. Here was found rock salt, which is mined and heading for the fishing industry during the war years to significantly increase their production. Conducted oil exploration. In the basin of the Yana and near Pevek mined tin and other valuable minerals, which were exported Northern Sea Route.

Complex events in the Arctic States and assumed protection of the northern borders of the USSR. The main content of the military-strategic program in the 1930s was the creation of the Northern Military Navy. It is necessary to realize the Russian government in the late nineteenth century. During the First World War, but the problem was solved very difficult. Real actions were taken by the Soviet government with the completion of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, which connects the White Sea and the Baltic, gave vent from the Baltic to the Arctic Ocean, and through river systems became possible and access to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, that the military and strategic immediately was rated very highly.

According to N. Zhukova, immediately after commissioning of the White Sea-Baltic Canal in summer 1933, the Soviet government decided that an urgent construction on the river. Svir linking with Onega Lake Ladoga, dams for pilotage with increased draft. Soon followed by the Commission's decision of Defence signed Voroshilov, relocating some warships from the Baltic Sea to the Black and basing them in the port of Murmansk. The newly created association Navy was initially indicated the Northern Flotilla, a few years later became the basis for the creation of the North Sea Fleet, which showed their fighting efficiency during World War II and in the prewar years could protect most of the Barents Sea, the approaches to Murmansk coast of the White Sea and throat [6, p. 320-321].

In July 1936, the Politburo of the CPSU (b) adopted a special program of the major naval shipbuilding, the main event considering building in Arkhangelsk powerful military shipyard. In the shipyards of the Northern Dvina estuary to be built exclusively for the Northern Fleet to January 1, 1942 two battleships, one heavy and four light cruisers, three leaders of sixteen destroyers, four large submarines, twelve and nine-speed patrol minesweepers.

However, these long-term plans outlined at the outset become adjusted. The plant was built slowly than was determined by maturity. Northern Fleet vessels replenished as needed Baltic, and sometimes transport or fishing vessels, which hastily equipped for the military.

Nevertheless, in 1941 the North Sea fleet already had its main base Vayenga (now Severomorsk) and was based in Murmansk, Arkhangelsk and other Arctic ports, consisted of a sin- gle division of the destroyers of eight ships, had a team of underwater boats (15 ships), a compound of the patrol ships, minesweepers, patrol boats and rejectors of water region fleet's main base. Air Force fleet numbered 116 bombers, use consumers and scouts. Coastal and air defense consisted of the dozens of batteries up to 180 mm caliber. North Navy possessed bases aerodrome and coastal defense units in all major points Arctic had the adjusted with surveillance and communications [12, p. 784-85].

Active mobilization activities of the Soviet state in the north contributed to its socioeconomic development. Already in the late 1930s, here there was "pockets" industry that lit, first, in the port cities, demanding appropriate industrial infrastructure. Furthermore, the possibility of product sales enjoyed building processing plants: sawmills and fish processing plants, mining and timber processing plants. Secondly, the discovery of mineral deposits of value to the national economic complex of the USSR could also be the reason for the birth of the industrial "center". In this respect, a perfect example is the creation of the Norilsk industrial complex and the city of Norilsk, which began in the connection with the development of the public deposits in Taimyr ores.

Geological survey in the area of Norilsk already in the 1920s confirmed its great commercial importance. In the expeditions of 1922-1924 under the leadership of Urvantsev were discovered large coal deposits, which coexisted with deposits of polymetallic ores. This makes the area with Norilsk industrial viewpoint is very promising. With the organization of the NSRA Norilsk prospecting expedition began to receive a lot of help and support. In particular, navigation in 1933 in Norilsk Taimyr tundra South River expedition was delivered tractors, tractors, ATV. It is much easier for drilling and exploration in general. For example, in summer 1933 ATVs have been able to carry about 3 tons of cargo and walked about 7 thousand km on the northern part of the Taimyr Peninsula, replacing the work of 243 deer and 442 dogs [4, p. 18].

By 1934 the geologists on the Taimyr Peninsula was made first count indicative of mineral deposits on nickel, cobalt and coal, which has been recognized and approved by the Central Commission for Mineral Reserves of the USSR, and therefore, the district fell into the promising national economic plans of the state. Head Glavsemorputi Schmidt April 17, 1935 prepared in the CPSU(b) a memorandum of Norilsk problem in which he wrote that Norilsk deposits power reserves of nickel and platinum is just as important as for the Kolyma gold mining, "with the same advantages for saturation valuable metals (nickel, platinum, cobalt, palladium) and similar difficulties for their development "[3. P 62-63].

Schmidt argued that, despite the difficulties of northern development, for the development of the Norilsk industrial district has a number of the favorable economic factors, not to men- tion political. Here are concentrated in a small area of the polymetallic ore quality, coal, large amounts of fresh water flow, construction materials (lime, sand, and clay) and fluxes (quartz sandstones). In addition, natural conditions and a high concentration of the deposits in them the necessary elements here allow you to apply the most effective methods and technology developments. Proposed to start construction in Norilsk mining factory in the spring of 1936 in three stages ending in 1940 offers Chief Glavsemorputi were taken. Soon followed the government's decision to start construction in Norilsk [3, p. 63].

In a large industrial area in the first five years became the European North. It began to develop new industries such as pulp and paper, cardboard, plywood, furniture, wood chemical, forestry and fisheries development gained new momentum. Only on the Kola Peninsula in 1926-1937 was built 39 enterprises, including mining and chemical trust "Apatite", Murmansk Fish Factory, Nivskaya and Lower Tulomskaja hydroelectric. In 1939 came into operation a large enterprise of national importance "Severonikel" which was used to provide the country with the Norilsk Combine, nickel, cobalt, copper and other nonferrous metals. European North was the main area lesoeksportnym USSR in the prewar years [11, p. 305].

Efficiency of the Northern policy of the Soviet government was proved during the Great Patriotic War, when industrial enterprises built in the prewar years, could make a significant contribution to the victory over the enemy, and the Northern Sea Route as a transportation route, became even more popular than in the peacetime.

Public policy, laid the foundation of the socio-economic and political development of the northern regions of the USSR and the Northern Sea Route, was continued in the postwar years, when already in the peaceful conditions continued all undertakings of the prewar period. Development of the industrial areas, mines and gold mines in the northern regions require a significant increase in the importation of the goods. At the same time increased the country's demand of the products manufactured in the North, the export to the export of Siberian forest , maintaining the rapid development of the island economy, which after the war was the basis of logistics The numerous research and meteorological stations and expeditions, whose task was compiling reliable weather and ice forecasting in the Arctic.

For the research projects in the postwar period, except the Arctic Institute, administered by the NSRA, joined the organization started during the war in Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, and Tyumen. In the Polar Regions worked expedition West Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, organized in Novosibirsk in 1943 since 1947, and the work began on the productive forces of the region Yakut Branch of the Academy of Sciences. The focus was exploration. Recover- ing after the war industry needed new mineral and fuel resources, which have been shown earlier geological studies; it could be on the North in the large numbers.

In Leningrad after the war was formed Academic Institute of Geology of the Arctic, which specialized in geological exploration for oil, coal, gold, ores of the various metals. As a result, high-latitude air expeditions of the late 1940s - early 1950s were discovered underwater ridges Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Haeckel. Bottom topography of the Arctic basin, contrary to established ideas appeared in the form of the complex mountain systems with deep basins and valleys. This information has been recognized by the world scientific community the largest geographic discoveries of the twentieth century. They allow understanding the laws of the motion of water masses and the drifting ice of the Arctic Ocean. Changing ideas about the structure of his bed allowed geologists suggested that the valuable minerals may be not only on its coast, but at the bottom [11, p. 64-65].

Glavsevmorput showed itself as an organization of the mobilization type, able to put into practice the national strategy of the economic development in the Arctic zone of the USSR. The Office has become an effective instrument for the implementation of the mobilization decisions related to the development of the rich natural resources in the northern sparsely populated and economically undeveloped areas of the country, among other things still needed in the military and strategic defense. Soviet experience in the creating state specific nadvedomstvennyh organizations that could simultaneously be both economic agents and offices of the government in the distal regions of the USSR, was used in the world of managerial, economic, social, geopolitical and other problems in the process of pioneering new territories [1].

General Directorate of the Northern Sea Route is proved by the organization of the mobilization type, which could become a multi-functional public institution in the Arctic, through planned economic development guide the vast territory of the polar regions of the USSR. Feature of the activity of this organ is its complex nature, expressed in the same system connecting scientific, transport, industrial and commercial functions, as well as the implementation of the specific tasks in the development of the traditional sectors of the economy and socio-cultural development in the indigenous regions of the North.

In the postwar years Glavsevmorput continued resolve important for the further development of the Arctic issues, including those related to the construction and operation of more powerful icebreakers, cargo ships have more durable than earlier cases and powerful machine installations in the Arctic with the creation of the modern airports with paved capable year round to take heavy passenger and cargo planes. At the beginning of the 1950s composed Spetsstroy NSRA was organized, which was entrusted with the design and construction of airfields. As a result, by the end of the 1950s, P=polar aviation, which has previously worked mostly ice reconnaissance and only occasionally carries passengers, passenger traffic has increased its efforts to ensure the Arctic. In recent years, the activities of the Northern Sea Route in the early 1960s, polar aircraft carrying up to 100 thousand people per year and 3-5 tonnes of cargo. Special building were mady many airfields in the Arctic, including the airfield with concrete pavement for the city of Norilsk.

In the postwar years Glavsevmorput perhaps the first time in the history of Arctic exploration, began to attach great importance to the social construction of the North, his master new technologies. In the 1950s, Party and the Soviet government took a number of decisions on the need for the northern territories and comfortable permanent settlements in order to strengthen them in the population and skilled personnel. By this time it was developed in the practice of building construction methods building on permafrost, received special slow heat building materials. However, to realize these intentions become somewhat later, in the 1960s. When Glavsemorput already been disbanded.

In general, the USSR was a state mobilization type. Therefore, in the activities of this specific organization, as Glavsevmorput massively attended mobilization techniques, including forced and frankly based on a rigid disciplinary responsibility. They touched almost all aspects of the activities of the paramilitary organization.

In general, the USSR was a state mobilization type. Therefore, in the activities of this specific organization, as Glavsevmorput massively attended mobilization techniques, including forced and frankly based on a rigid disciplinary responsibility. They touched almost all aspects of the activities of the para military organization. Operated in the strict secrecy mode, using their enterprises basically forced labor of prisoners and special settlers. Activities of the public trust “Dalstroy” (Chief of the Construction of the Far North), seen in the 1930 -1950- ies, carried out mainly in the institutional framework of the law enforcement agencies of the USSR. Structural adjustment and reallocation of the departmental enterprises have not changed a whole mobilization purpose of this particular organization, which played at a certain historical stage of a pioneering role in the economic development and settling in the large parts of the north- east of the USSR.

Activities "Dalstroi" was not controlled by the usual organs of state administrative-territorial power provided by the Constitution of the USSR. She was subject only to the highest party and state authorities. Her work was always interested in Stalin. November 26, 1932 adopted a special resolution of the Politburo of the CPSU (b ) conferred on the Chief "Dalstroi" broad powers that made him both the Chief Executive and the party leader products in the territory . In addi- tion, he was also authorized OGPU (in 1934-1938-NKVD) of the USSR in the region. Production plans "Dalstroi" mining gold and other minerals annually approved by the special resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b) and SNK , which was defined and a list of the main activities to ensure the implementation of these plans [2, p . 37].

Magadan researcher A.I. Shirokov gives examples of failed attempts to create a territory under the jurisdiction “Dalstroy" normal state and party organs. In 1937, at a party conference" Dalstroi "several delegates proposed to reform the party organization of the Trust in accordance with the Charter of the CPSU(b), but the head of the trust E. P. Berzin reacted harshly to this proposal, saying that it is unlikely to be correct. "My personal opinion is that the party organization needs Kolyma military order ... the bulk of the labor force prisoners. That's why I say that we need an organization about military organization ... "[18, p. 24].

In 1939, at the request of the Khabarovsk Territory Party Committee and executive committee Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR issued a decree created as part of the Khabarovsk Krai Kolyma district with its center in Magadan, which was granted city status. However, Stalin intervened and essentially reversed that decision, declaring it "schematic and unviable." As an explanation, he stressed that "Dalstroy" - not the usual industrial management, is "... a special type of plant, working in the specific conditions of use exclusively or almost exclusively criminal people" whose "... specificity requires special operating conditions, a special discipline, a special regime ". Therefore, "in the area do not want to Kolyma Regional Committee and the Party committee at the" Dahlstrom "connected with the political department and its subordinate" [18, p. 2425].

Thus, in the north-eastern territories of the USSR, which formally belonged to the Khabarovsk Krai, acting special regime of emergency management, including the formation in 1953 of the Magadan region? Due to tough mobilization methods through the GULAG system carried a huge economic development of the territory. The main activity in the "Dalstroi" was mining. However, the need for people in the outback terrain conducted transport, energy and other social infrastructure construction, promoted the colonization of the region. In the 1930s. actively conducted road construction, for which in 1933 organized a special control. By 1940, it was built in previously roadless areas in the basin of the Kolyma and Indigirka more than 3 thousand km of roads, several bridges had no analogues among similar structures in the USSR. Economic reference point was the port in the bay Nagaeva, built in 1933 - 1934.

Among the settlements established during the "Dalstroi", the most significant were miner settlements, where both were stationed large camp divisions. Here developing local industries, among which the largest were related to the construction and use of local raw materials (glass, tannery, factory producing ceramic products, etc.). For food supply created state agricultural enterprises in the form of state farms and enterprises and farms camp facilities.

One of the main purposes of "Dalstroi" was building in the USSR gold mining. Here in the Kolyma-Indigirskogo pool in the first half of the 1930s worked 75 geological expeditions and parties, which was discovered more than 200 gold deposits, of which 20 were large fields with content both gold and tin, and coal deposits were found, and other minerals. Borns in the Kolyma gold industry began to build in 1937 mine "Dagger" and Utinskaya experienced concentrator. In 1940, in the Kolyma basin was produced 80 tons of chemically pure gold, its share in the total gold production of the USSR was 46.3%. Kolyma confidence among the largest gold mining areas not only in the country but also the world. In 1932-1956 years. The goldfields "Dalstroi" was produced 1187.1 tons of chemically pure gold, 65.3 thousand tons of tin concentrate, 2, 85 thousand tons of tungsten and about 400 cobalt in concentrate [18, p. 31].

According to A. I. Shirokov, "Dalstroy" in 1930-1950-ies using prisoners of the Gulag, which mines through the Kolyma-Indigirskogo Territory in 1932-1954? Passed about 900 thousand people, colonization of the exercised vast territory of the north-east of the USSR, accompanied by forced withdrawal "from the bowels of the region of the mineral raw materials" [19, p. 92].

The State, through organizations such as "Dalstroy" pursued a mobilization solutions for the extraction of the critical and unique minerals in the uninhabited and economically poorly developed areas of the country with harsh climatic conditions, geographical remoteness, lack of the transport and economic infrastructure, etc. in the normal course of business "Dalstroi" previously uninhabited huge area north-east of the USSR, rich in natural resources, was able to enter into a single national economic complex of the country, occupy a key place in it as a source of the rare minerals and gold reserves.

Development of the minerals Indigirskogo Kolyma-edge, in turn, gave impetus to the development of maritime transport of the Far East, contributed to the intensification of the traffic along the Northern Sea Route, and the social intraregional road construction, development of river and air communications. Areas covered activities "Dalstroi" along with Kamchatka had important military and strategic importance. Their settlement and economic development strengthened border and rear areas of the USSR in the Far East. Anyway, as a result of the planned voluntary-forced redistribution of the working population in the north-east of the country, who had often extraordinary nature, address the major issues of national importance - settlement of new areas and the creation of the conditions here for the further socio-economic development.

In the postwar years, gradually with the softening of the political regime and the change of leadership in the USSR organization rigidly mobilization type leaving the scene, but the methods of waste in the industrial development of sparsely populated areas remain, though much changed towards voluntary choice of people to be in a particular area of the north Siberia. The idea of creating mobilization organizations in various contexts are saved, but the organization has created a different type, although its main objectives are also designed to solve some important problems of national importance, involving, as a rule, with the construction of large energy, transport and industrial facilities by poorly developed in the economic sense of the country. So, for the construction of large-scale hydropower and associated in single industrial complex enterprises specially designed with the involvement of theseveral agencies, large organizations, such as "Bratskgesstroy", "Krasnoyarskgesstroy", "Taymyrgesstroy" etc.

"Sibakademstroy", created in the 1950s, within the Ministry of Medium Machine Building, intended not only for the construction of academic town near Novosibirsk, but also for the construction of other facilities, including secret with military defense implications. Major construction organizations established in the areas of new industrial development of Siberia also be referred to as mobilization. They acted in a specific target method emergency mode, provided with all the resources and opportunities for their activities, and performed not only industrial construction, but also in general to implement programs of the social and economic development of the territories for the period of the construction of the main town enterprises. Often the leaders of these organizations were appointed military who received the party to fulfill the task of work non-standard methods, which in the Soviet Union recognized the most effective in the northern hardly explored regions with severe climatic conditions.

In the postwar years, conservation decisions on the mobilization of the northern territories of the USSR contributed to the continued growth and strength in the world with the beginning of the "Cold War". Education NATO made it impossible for a quiet and peaceful life in the Soviet Arctic. For all the visible and invisible reasons it was seen as an important strategic military facility. Events of the last war showed that the role of the polar basin on a global scale is very large and with high probability he can continue to become a war zone. And for diplomacy he has become one. Therefore, public policy of the USSR in the Arctic in the postwar period is mainly accounted for the realities of data and remained still mobilization. Soviet experience mobilization decisions must take into account in the modern practice of the public administration of the northern territories rich in the natural resources.