The strokes to the portrait of a resident of the Arctic zone of Yakutiya

The North--‐Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov together with the Center for the Strategic Research and Development of Siberian Federal University from 5 to 10 October 2011 conducted a comprehensive sociological survey among the representatives of indigenous people and of Sakha (Yakutia ) (№ 1982) 16 34 areas of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The pur--‐ pose of research – is the revealing of the reflection of the Sakha people and representatives of the indigenous people of the basic demographic, family, reproductive, cultural, sociolinguistic, socio--‐ professional and socio--‐psychological aspects of the development of the Yakut society in the early twenty--‐first century. Mathematical and statistical analysis was performed using the software package SPSS 12.0.

Characteristics of the sociological research

Ethno--‐cultural landscape of the Russian Arctic includes dozens of large and small ethnic groups of the North with their language, culture, historical, civilizational communication times; arctic artifacts, cultural universals, communications, folklore, legends and myths, lifestyles, men--‐ talities [1, 2012]. Therefore, the basis of this article are part of the research results related to the empirical study of only 578 respondents living in encampments 6 of 14 relating to the Arctic zone of the Republic (29.2% of 1982 people).

Names of the geographical locations where the survey was conducted: townships. Abyisky White Mountain area Tiksi Bulunskiy District, paragraph Zyrianka Verkhnekolymsky district. Rural settlements: Bykovskii National Bulunskiy District, p. Verkhnekolymsk with Coal Verkhnekolymsky area with Khon (Moma national) Moma district, p. Saskylahsky National Anabarsky ulus with Olenyok Olenek Evenk National District. The word means a national compact residence of Indige--‐ nous People (hereinafter --‐ the indigenous people).

Sample characteristics by gender: 44.2% of men and 55.8% women. Distribution of re--‐ spondents by age: 18 - 29 years --‐ 27.0%, 30 - '44 --‐ 35.0%, 45 - 60 years --‐ 30.4% over 60 years --‐ 7.6%. Among took precedence in the survey respondents with higher and secondary vocational education: postgraduate have 0.2% higher --‐ 41.9%, incomplete higher --‐ 5.9%, vocational --‐ 36.1%, high school graduates 14.2%, primary school --‐ 1 6% did not go to school --‐ 0.1%.

Important in our study is the question of national identity. Their national identity on self--‐ determination, respondents identified as follows: sugar --‐ 65.8%, representatives of indigenous peoples --‐ 34.2% (see Table 1). It should be noted that approximately 24.3% of the respondents were born in the Yakut--‐northern families and 5.4% of the respondents were born in the ethnically mixed families, but prefer to identify themselves as indigenous peoples or sugar, and not as a Rus--‐ sian or any other nationality.

Table 1

Definition of national identity

Possible answers	Nationality of the respond--‐ ent	Nationality of the father	Nationality of the mother	Nationality of the spouse	Nationality of the children
Sakha	65,8	72,0	74,0	61,5	55,2
Indigenious people of the North	34,2	23,6	25,0	28,6	39,8
Russian	-	2,7	0,8	5,9	3,6
Other nationalities	-	1,7	0,2	4,0	1,4
Totally:	100	100	100	100	100

The questionnaire was given a factual question about the nationality of the spouse (s). Here is the picture of somewhat different. 38.5% of the residents of the northern uluses consist of the interethnic marriages, of which the share of families with mixed Russian and other nationali--‐ ties is less than 10%. This percentage is high in Russian Arctic, it is superior to the average per--‐ centage of the sample. Such a small amount of the intermarriage is unlikely to threaten the "smearing" of the Yakut or the "northern" ethnic group, because, according to research by a num--‐ ber of ethno , ethnic structure can be destroyed if the number of the interethnic marriages begins to exceed the figure of 10%. In the Republic of such marriages are common given the multination--‐ al composition and high tolerance towards other cultures. Nationality children defined by parents are noticeably increase towards the adoption of indigenous peoples and other ethnic.

Family. Further, in the questionnaire were questions relating to family. Family problems, its strengthening, improvement of interpersonal relations of spouses each year are becoming in--‐ creasingly important for the Arctic society. Some researchers Yakut, dealing with family, began to express the assumption that young people, and middle--‐aged people to actively adopt Western models of behavior in terms of family values.

Marital Status: in a registered marriage --‐ 54.4%, in a civil marriage --‐ 9.1% divorced --‐ 8.5%, the widow (eu) --‐ 5.0%, never married --‐ 22.0%. Interestingly, the person involved in a civil marriage, only 9.1%. Although maybe not all the answer to this question sincerely. According to the observa--‐ tions of statisticians conducting the census, more than 90% of women living in a civil marriage, noted in the survey that they were married, while 80% of men consider themselves to be bache--‐ lors. It operates a psychological factor: civil marriage does not negate the household chores and child birth, women are aware of their responsibility, so consider themselves married . Men also are focusing on the other side of civil marriage: relative freedom, the absence of mutual obliga--‐ tions and moral framework of behavior, call themselves bachelors. Apparently, to get an accurate answer to this question is not possible. At the same time as small numbers of citizens who are unmarried, with the hypothesis that in the past decade has increased the number of free, guest , partner, as opposed to formal marriages registered.

Interviewed the head of his family believe the husband (61.5%), both spouses (6.0%), par--‐ ent (s) of one of the spouses (5.9%), wife (23.7%), adult children (1.4 %). This fact suggests that the specificity of the traditional culture of family relations in the North continues today: common type of family where the head of the family is a man. In our view, sometimes a man today formally rec--‐ ognized head of the family, just according to tradition.

Features of the traditional Northern family is the presence of numerous family ties and re--‐ lationships, recognition of the value of kinship. The vast majority of respondents (81.8%) describe themselves as part of the genus (a member of the tribal clan), while its relationship with relatives described as a close and friendly 84.0% of the respondents.

Migration. Our region is characterized by intra--‐oriented migration flows. These streams are generally presented migration of the rural population, which in turn can be subdivided as fol--‐ lows: 1) migration from village to village; 2) migration from rural to urban areas; 3) migration from the city to selo. The main part of migration flows in intra--‐youth exchange is 18 - 29 years, the city of the republic for education, skills development, employment and family formation. At the mo--‐ ment of the Arctic zone of the republic many leave and this is mostly forced. Thus, urban residents have become 28.0 % of respondents, although their parents (59.9 %) lived or live in a rural village .

Table 2

Possible answers	In what village live orlived your parents ?	Where do you live?	Where do you adult children live?
Rural settlements	80,6	58,6	44,1
Village of the urban type	13,4	40,0	25,2
Town	6,0	1,4	30,7
Totally:	100	100	100

As we can see, the rate of return migration of young ages is not high, which leads to an ag--‐ ing population and worsening demographics and demographic potential decrease in the Arctic zone of the country.

Answers on the question "How long do you live in this village?" Revealed that living with the birth only 41.8% of respondents, 27.3% came from another part of the Ulus naslega (intrare--‐ gional migration), and 30.9% are natives other areas of the country.

Answers to the question "Are you comfortably feel living in this village?" As follows: "totally comfortable" and "mostly comfortable" feel 58.9% of the respondents. Not quite comfortable --‐ 12.9%, other 24.1% feel "comfortable sometimes, sometimes not".

Overall assessment of urban and rural lifestyles nevertheless found that there is the same orientation to life: 35.8% believe that it is better to live in the village, 35.1% said that it is better to live in the city, in a small town 27.1 % chose another option 2.8%. Going to live permanently in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) --‐ 81.1% of respondents who live in different regions of Russia --‐ 3.8%, plan to leave temporarily to another region or country to get an education --‐ 0.5% intend to leave for permanent residence in another country --‐ 0.9%.

Analysis of the responses to the question "How do you think, where your children will live in my adult life?" Revealed that the interviewed respondents admit that their children will be less "tied" to a residence in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Confident that their children will live per--‐ manently in the Republic of only 50.2%, leave temporarily to another region or country to get an education --‐ 11.1%, live in different regions of Russia --‐ 6.7%, will leave for permanent residence in another country --‐ 2.2%. As you can see, the difference in migration intentions involving residence, either temporarily or permanently, outside the Republic, is almost twice or more in the direction of increasing in the generation of children of the respondents. Steady migration moods of their children suggested respondents living in regional centers and Russian towns.

In Yakutia live 140 folks. The analysis of the language situation

In the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), representatives of more than 140 people, including in--‐ digenous people are Evens, Evenki, Yukagirs, Dolgan and Chukchi, whose languages belong to dif--‐ ferent language groups: Tungus--‐ Manchu, Paleosiberian, Turkic and Finno--‐Ugric. The complexity of the language situation in Yakutia and confirms the fact that in the Atlas languages UNESCO endan--‐ gered include all the languages of indigenous people --‐ Even, Evenki, Dolgan, Chukchi, Yukagir (Tundra Yukagir, Kolyma Yukaghir) --‐ official languages and Yakut language is the state language of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Analysis of the responses and correlations led us to the conclusion that recognition as a "native" language of their nationality often does not reflect the fact their mother tongue, and commitment to human certain cultural values, which presents language. Of 578 respondents overwhelming majority (89.0%) said their mother tongue Yakut. And 14.3% of the inhabitants of the Arctic region called Russian speakers, 2.3 and 2.1% --‐ Even and Evenk, and Dolgan Yukaghir lan--‐ guages 0.8%.

Need to clarify the following point that the results of the answers exceeds 100% because some respondents deliberately and persistently noted as a mother tongue in two languages, such as Russian and Yakut, or Yakut and Evenki. This case can be attributed to the positive zone of the second belonging to the cultural boundaries. Or we observe the phenomenon of "floating ethnici--‐ ty". One of the main mechanisms drift ethnicity serves interethnic marriage, creating alternative ethnicity in children.

Table 3

The distributions of the answers on the question «What language do you consider as the mother language?» Depends on the districts

Languages	Abiiskiy	Anabarskiy	Bulunskiy	Verhne Ko--‐ limskiy	Momskiy	Olenekskiy
Evenskiy	1,0		3,9	5,0	4,1
Evenkiiskiy		1,3	1,0	1,0		9,0
Ukagirskiy				4,0
Dolganskiy		4,0
Others

The socio--‐cultural space of Yakutia characterized by a strong dispersion medium of lan--‐ guage use. Language life of the northern people dispersed in 20 northern districts, 152 reindeer herds, 232 nomadic tribal communities, fishing areas and 69 villages ohotbrigadah and recognized areas of compact residence of indigenous people. Thus all ethno--‐linguistic processes are poly lin--‐ gual in an environment where the language of the indigenous ethnic group is in the position of the non--‐dominant. Distribution by region can be seen in Table 3.

Table 4 presents the results showing the dynamics of the native language from generation to generation.

Table 4

The division of the answers on the question «How do you speak your native language?»

Proficiency of the mother tongue	Parents of the respondent	Respondent	Spouse	Older children	Young chil--‐ dren
fluent (speak, write, read)	86,0	70,7	73,6	53,6	47,0
Can speak	0,1	10,7	10,5	14,3	10,5
On the basic level	6,8	10,2	6,7	15,0	16,2
Knew several words	3,3	4,2	2,5	10,8	16,2
Don’t know	3,8	4,2	6,7	6,3	10,1
Всего:	100,0	100,0	100,0	100,0	100,0

Answers to the question "How much do you and your family use own national (native) lan--‐ guage?" Define and fix the real language situation in the country: the degree of native language is directly correlated with the age of the carriers. The proportion of the respondents who are fluent in their native language, the maximum (over 80%) in the older age group is minimal in the group of younger children. Gap ranges from 23.7 to 39.0%. Fluent (owned) national language of the vast majority of the parents of the respondents (86.0%), as do 70.7% of the surveyed respondents. It is worth to note that only 53.6% of older children fluent, and fluent in younger children --‐ 47.0%. Do not speak the mother tongue of 10.1% of the younger children, consider these data is not yet reli--‐ able as it small children, their degree of proficiency to judge prematurely.

Currently, the country has developed typical of many regions of the country national lan--‐ guage situation unilateral (national--‐ Russian) bilingualism providing linguistic understanding own--‐ er. When linguistic shift changes functional load language (it is used less and less in all those func--‐ tions), community changes its carriers (mean age carriers endangered language increases with the development of language shift, there are many different kinds of incompetent carriers that during life can both improve and worsen the possession of endangered languages), and change the lan--‐ guage settings of the community with respect to a given language.

Reproduction of the national language is essentially dependent on the intentions of the parent to teach (or teach) their children to speak that language . Without the active position of parents, by teaching children the basics of a national language in school , you can not save it as a "living" language . Answers to the question "Will you teach your children to speak at the national (native) language?" Showed that the vast majority (83.0 % ) of the respondents plan to teach their children to speak their native (most Yakut ) language. Do not plan to teach their children to speak their native language --‐ only 3.6 % of subjects. Still do not know (have not decide), whether they will teach their children to speak the national (native language) 13.4%.

Distribution of the answers to the question 'What language do you think you need to start teaching a child in first grade? "Showed that the absolute majority of 59.3% of the respondents believe that it is important to educate children in first grade at the same time in the Yakut and Russian languages. For training only in their native language --‐ 22.8%, only in Russian --‐ 13.4%, with a choice of difficulty 4.5% of the respondents.

The republic is saved understanding natives Republic of objective necessity in the posses--‐ sion of the Russian language as the language of higher levels of education and related social and professional perspectives. This is evidenced by the distribution of the answers to the question "How do you think it necessary to teach core subjects at school (mathematics, physics, chemistry) in their native language?": The majority of the respondents (59.4 %) of the respondents oppose the teaching of the core subjects in the school come from language "for" --‐ 26.4% , 14.1% were un--‐ decided respondents.

Today, the education system of the Republic of Sakha can be called a system of bilingual (bilingual education), as simultaneous use of two languages as languages of instruction. Results of the study showed a tendency to increase polylingual plants --‐ the majority of the respondents be--‐ lieves certainly important to know Russian and Yakut languages.

46.2% of the respondents frankly admitted that they rarely read fiction in their native lan--‐ guage, but still sometimes do. 18.5% do not read. Often turn to reading fiction, magazines native language 33.2%. Thus, it becomes less and less readers of the books in their native languages.

As for watching television in their native language, often watching television in the mother tongue of 44.2% of respondents rarely look --‐ 45.9%, do not look --‐ 9.9%. We understand that the TV in the North is a mobile information, communication channel to maintain integration. Through television, you can quite quickly and efficiently translate national ideas, talk about national cul--‐ ture. Minus of this communication channel is that not all the programs in their native language are quality, highly, most --‐ entertainment and superficial. But, of course, require special studies of the effects of television on the formation of national culture.

National traditions

The next set of the questions deal with national traditions, clarify that aspect of the role played by national traditions in the respondents' lives. Respondents' answers to the question "How much space is occupied in your life mean to you?" Various types of folk (national) traditions and activities. The most significant for the respondents are national kinds of management: hunt--‐ ing, craft, agriculture (54.2%), national holidays (53.9%), national cuisine (53.5%).

To the question "Do you think that now yakutians lose their folk traditions?" 41.5% of the residents of the Arctic uluses noted the option "Yes, and this is a serious problem," 37.7% believe that "no tradition alive, saved and continue to develop until there was a nation ", 9.3% of re--‐ spondents loss Yakutians folk traditions considers" normal process ", 8.3% were undecided, and are not concerned about this problem are not interested in 3.2% of the respondents.

Quite a large percentage of the respondents found it difficult to reveal the answer to the question about his religion: 22.9% found difficulty, do not consider themselves believers --‐ 35.9%. 41.2% of the respondents consider themselves followers of a particular religion: the first line is the paganism (64.3%), followed by Orthodox Christianity (24.2%), rounded out the top three Protes--‐ tantism (3.7%).

Answers to the question "What do you mean by the phrase "living well--‐being"? "Nominat--‐ ed in the first place an indicator such as "having a family and children" (68.3 %), in second place --‐ "good health" (49.4 %) third place went to answer "wealth, money" (48.9%), followed by "parent--‐ ing worthy citizens" (48.6 %) and "interesting work" --‐ 42.7%. Last place occupied the position of "possession of power" (3.1%) and "to achieve fame, popularity" (2.2%). Thus, in the RS (Y) family remains the main social value for human and important parenting.

To the question "Should I keep the traditional way of life of indigenous people?" We received the following answers (see Table 5)

Table 5

Answers	Across an aray	The inhabitants of the Arctic ulus
yes, because the traditional way of life – is a unique civilization	76,3	83,5
partly, only for the older generation	5,4	3,6
part, only as an ethnographic complex for the tourists	5,1	2,4
No, because in today's society is not relevant and do not need	1,8	1,3
other	1,0	0,3
Hard to get answer	10,4	8,9
Number of people:	1982	578
Totally:	100,0	100

We found that the inhabitants of the Arctic regions of the republic are supporters of main--‐ taining the traditional lifestyle of the native population of the republic, a break from the sample average values ranging from 0.7 to 7.2% of all answers.

At the end of our questionnaire were asked the socio--‐psychological question about the fact, what mood respondents look to the future of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It turned out that the mood of the northern society quite clearly: 40.1% of the respondents believe that "diffi--‐ culties will last a long time, but the republic is moving in the right direction." This "cautious opti--‐ mism", typical for the representatives of the various socio--‐professional, gender, age groups can promote reforms forward. Second place went to the "mood of optimism, confidence in the future " --‐ 31.5%. Doubting the fact that "even in the next ten years things will change for the better" is not so much --‐ only 13.1% . As for the pessimists who do not believe "about the future of the re--‐ public," they represent a minority --‐ 2.3 % as well as those who are " indifferent to everything that happens in the country " --‐ 1.7%.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we want to note the results of the world in 2012 Delphi survey [2, 2013]. Ac--‐ cording to the experts, the most realistic and relatively key strategies in the field of the politics and law, aimed at guaranteeing the rights of indigenous people, may be:

• V    Legislative initiative of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the development and promotion in the legislative bodies of the Russian Federation of draft laws;

• V    Development and approval of laws, environmental regulations and requirements of the companies on the territories of the indigenous people of the North;

• V    Approval norms of nature protecting indigenous people.

Other relatively less promising, according to experts, the strategy involves the formation of the Commonwealth of Northern peoples ideas within the circumpolar civilization, international policy and legal framework to protect the interests and rights of indigenous peoples.

Thus, in--‐depth analysis of the results of the survey and the Delphi survey project "Foresight Republic of Sakha--‐2050" continues, it will help illuminate the direction and magnitude of future demographic, social and cultural changes of the existence of indigenous people of the Sakha Re--‐ public (Yakutia).