The study of pea varieties of different maturity groups in the Belgorod area

Автор: Shevchenko R.A., Kocareva N.V.

Журнал: Вестник аграрной науки @vestnikogau

Статья в выпуске: 2 (41), 2013 года.

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The results of the study of eight varieties of peas and two vegetable planting dates to create a pipeline in the production of green peas in the Belgorod region. Found that with a decrease in late sowing of all indicators in pea vegetable. High yield of pea's vegetable in the Belgorod region can be obtained when sown in early regardless of precocity. The best results were obtained on the sort of Golden Eagle, which, when sown in early life shaped yield 5.4 t / ha, whereas at later planting dates, he gave no higher yield 4.7 tons / ha.

Varieties vegetable peas, green peas, maturity group, planting dates, creation pipeline, technical maturity

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/147124076

IDR: 147124076

Текст научной статьи The study of pea varieties of different maturity groups in the Belgorod area

Pea crop vegetable in our country developed consistently until the early 1990s and took up to 800 thousand hectares of cultivated areas, which allowed producing up to 200 million standard cans "green peas." Production of canned peas provided in the best years, only a quarter of the population need for them [1].

Today, as a raw material canneries use dried peas imported from Canada, and partly grow green peas for processing. Basically, it’s a kind of a transitional type between smooth peas and marrowfat peas, judging by the mediocre quality of the canned food. In recent years, in the State register of breeding achievements the quantity of foreign breeding varieties (mainly from Poland, Germany, and Holland, Moldova) has risen. So, in 2005 it included four varieties, or 10.5% of the total number of varieties of vegetable pea, in 2006 -10 varieties (20.8%), in 2007 - 12 varieties (12.8%), in 2010 - 100 varieties. The current varieties of vegetable peas basically meet the requirements of the canning industry for the manufacture of canned "green peas" of higher and first grade. They are not inferior to foreign varieties, and in some cases they surpass in fineness and suitability for mechanized harvesting and threshing [2].

The existing assortment has such disadvantages as unstable yield from year to year, the low level of potential productivity; especially it concerns the early varieties, morbid affection. Currently, potential yield of green peas, with its high quality of the varieties entered in the register, is 4.5 - 7.0 t / ha. And the intervarietal variability in the last 2-3 decades is, in general, low. Significant difference in yield is observed only between the groups of precocity [3].

Each direction of use of peas requires its own specific assortment, in addition, with the adaptability to the particular climatic conditions that do not fully meet the requirements of the crop. Introduction of new varieties of vegetable peas ensures productivity and quality. The study of varieties, their most significant genotype economic and morpho-physiological characteristics and properties in specific climatic conditions is an urgent problem, will enable to realize the biological potential of crop.

MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS

The aim of the research was to study varieties of green peas belonging to different groups of ripeness in the cultivation of green pea in the Belgorod region.

The objectives of the work included: studying ecological-biological peculiarities of the different varieties of green pea; determining the influence of the seeding on the growth and plant development, productivity of varieties of different maturity groups; identifying the most valuable pea varieties ensuring formation of high and steady crops in the Belgorod region; studying suitability of the pea varieties for creating uninterrupted conveyor of revenue production for 30 days.

Research on the topic: «the Technology of cultivation of green peas in «Land and business» LLC, in the Belgorod region in 2008-2010. «Land and business» LLC has been specialized in the manufacture of green peas for the Belgorod canning plant since 2008. The area has increased from 300 to 600 ha.

Work was being carried out with 8 varieties of domestic and foreign selection. The area of accounting plots is 20 m2 in 4 times the normal replication. Predecessor: winter wheat. Agriculture is a common for the Central black earth region. Harvesting was carried out within 2-3 days. The delay of vegetable pea more than 3 - 5 days significantly affects the quality of grain. Grain loses tenderness, coarsens, increases in diameter, the sugar content is reduced, and starch increases. Canned goods are of low quality, the gulf in banks grow turbid, there are signs of bloat.

Phenological observations were held on the methodology of the State variety testing of agricultural crops (1971), biometric measurements, the output of green peas depending on the time of sowing. The validity of the research is proved according to the B.A. Dospehov’s method of variance analysis (1985).

RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION

Development of peas was held in conditions of high temperatures and lack of moisture. The most favorable conditions for growing green pea pointed out in 2008 by the number of precipitation and air temperature. The conditions of subsequent years were distinguished by a smaller amount of precipitation and high temperatures in the initial period of growth and development.

Unfavorable weather conditions with high average daily temperatures were in the summer months (22,3-25,5 degrees Celsius) with the significant shortage of moisture in the air and soil. Particularly conditions were harsh in 2010, when the average daily temperatures were at the level of 25-27 degrees Celsius, and the maximum was 39 degrees Celsius at deficiency of moisture, which led to the formation of flowers with sterile pollen and reduced productivity of peas.

The most important varietal and ecological property of plants is duration of the vegetation period. It is established, that peas have the shortest interphase periods «sowing -plantling», «plantling - flowering», «duration of flowering» and the vegetation period. Depending on the variety and sowing dates on the average for a 3-year study the green peas Aria had mass flowering in 34-37 days (table. 1). This variety is widely recognized as ultra early. The varieties Arfa and Avola bloom in 37-42 day at an early term of sowing. Late sowing helped to accelerate the phase of flowering. So Arfa bloomed in 36-38 days and Avola bloomed in 38-39 days during the three year study. The varieties Zita and Ode have the same regularity. The number of days from the seedlings before the phase of mass flowering of these varieties made from 44-47 days during the first term of sowing to 43 days during the second term of sowing. The varieties Rada and Berkut had flowering in 51-55 days during the first term of sowing for all years of study. During the second period flowering of a standard variety was noted in 52 days and the variety Rada had the interphase period in 44 days.

It should be noted that the maximum height in pea plants was in 2008, the least - in 2010. This is explained by weather conditions during the year of cultivation.

Number of beans per plant is of great importance for the formation of a pea plant productivity. The degree of appearance of an attribute and its variability depended on weather conditions of cultivation and differed significantly between the different varieties.

Aria was big for beans. On average for the three years of studying the number of beans was at 4-9 pieces per plant. The declining number of beans took place during late sowing from 5-10 to 3-9 pieces.

Table 1 - Number of days from seedling to mass flowering

Cultivar	Sowing time	years				± to the standard
Cultivar	Sowing time	2008	2009	2010	averageе	± to the standard
Berkut st.	April 15 examining	53	52	51	51	-
Arfa		41	40	37	40	-11
Oda		47	45	44	44	-7
Leya		46	50	45	47	-4
Rada		55	51	54	53	2
Ariya		37	37	37	37	14
Zita		48	47	46	47	-4
Avola		41	41	42	41	-10
Berkut	April 25	54	51	53	52	+1
Arfa		38	37	36	37	-14
Oda		45	43	44	43	-8
Leja		45	44	46	45	-6
Rada		42	45	43	44	-7
Arija		35	35	34	35	-16
Zita		42	43	44	43	-8
Avola		38	39	42	39	-12
НСР 05	2,44
НСР 05 А	1,72
НСР 05 В и АВ	0,86

In our studies, plant height ranged from 50 cm to 73.5 cm in the first and the subsequent period of sowing. All varieties of peas are of a semi-dwarf form (Table 2).

Table 2 - pea plant height, cm

Cultivar	Sowing time	years				± ± to the standard
Cultivar	Sowing time	2008	2009	2010	averageе	± ± to the standard
Berkut st.	April 15	65,1	63,3	60,4	62,9	-
Arfa		55,6	50,1	45,3	50,3	-12,6
Oda		54,3	53,1	50,4	52,6	-10,3
Leya		76	74,6	70	73,5	10,6
Rada		66,2	65,3	64,1	65,2	2,3
Ariya		72,1	69,7	68,2	70,0	7,1
Zita		75	70	55	66,7	3,7
Аvola		65	60	55	60,0	-2,9
Berkut	April 25	65,2	63,1	60,3	62,9	-0,1
Аrfa		55,3	50,2	45,1	50,2	-12,7
Оda		54,3	53,2	50,1	52,5	-10,4
Leya		76,3	74,1	70,1	73,5	10,6
Rada		66,2	65,2	64,2	65,2	2,3
Аriya		72,5	69,1	68,2	69,9	7,0
Zita		70,1	65,8	55	63,6	0,7
Аvola		60	55	50	55,0	-7,9

The shortening in the length of the bean crop was noted on April 25. Varying in the length was in the first term on April 15 from 5.9 cm (Zita) to 8.4 cm (Oda). In the second term of sowing the length varied from 4.4 cm (Arfa) to 3 cm (Avola).

From the economic point of view a period of technical maturity for peas is very important. The onset of this phase was dependent on weather conditions and the sowing period of varieties. Technical maturity of peas in our studies for the first sowing date was noted in 48-53 days (Ariya and Avola) (Table 3).

Table 3 - Number of days from seedlings to technical ripeness

Cultivar	Sowing time	repeatability
Cultivar	Sowing time	2008	2009	2010	average	± to the standart
Berkut st.	Apri April 1515	59	62	62	61	-
Аriya		50	51	48	49	-12
Аrfa		56	52	53	53	-8
Оda		58	58	57	57	-4
Leya		61	60	61	60	-1
Rada		61	60	62	61	0
Zita		55	53	52	53	-8
Аvola		50	53	49	50	-9
Berkut	April 25	55	58	59	58	-3
Аriya		49	46	47	47	-14
Аrfa		52	51	53	52	-9
Оda		55	57	58	57	-4
Leya		57	56	58	57	-4
Rada		58	59	57	58	-3
Zita		54	53	53	53	-8
Аvola		49	48	49	49	-12
НСР05	2,04
НСР05А	1,68
НСР05 В и АВ	1,53

In sowing time on April 25 the technical level of ripeness was noted in 46-49 days. Late receipt of the products was marked in 59 - 62 (Berkut and Rada) in the first sowing time and in 55-59 days when sowing on April 25. The number of seeds in a pod is of great importance in the formation of a pea crop. The largest number of caryopsis was noted in 2008 according to types and terms. Drought conditions of 2010 contributed to the formation of a smaller number of bean beetle. The best indicators had cultivar Zita - 27 pieces in the sowing time on April 15 in comparison to Berkut st. (Table. 4).

Table 4 - Number of seed beetles from the same plant, PCs.

Cultivar	Sowing time посева	repeatability
Cultivar	Sowing time посева	2008	2009	2010	averageе	± to the standart рту
Berkut st.	April 15	26	25	24	25	-
Ariya		20	16	14	17	-8
Аrfa		21	16	16	18	-7
Оda		19	18	17	18	-7
Leya		20	20	19	20	-5
Rada		24	21	21	22	-3
Zita		30	28	24	27	+2
Аvola		25	21	15	20	-5
Berkut	April 25	21	19	20	20	-5
Аrija		12	11	13	12	-13
Аrfa		18	14	14	15	-10
Оda		20	19	16	18	-7
Leja		14	11	11	12	-13
Rada		13	16	12	14	-11
Zita		28	18	14	20	-5
Аvola		25	17	14	19	-6
НСР 05	2,6
НСР 05 А	1,8
НСР 05 В и АВ	0,9

In sowing time on April 25, the number of caryopsis was decreased to 12-20 pieces from the same plant.

Planting of green peas in our research was dependent to a great extent on the weather conditions of a specific year (table. 5).

The greatest planting of green peas was in 2008. We received 5.5 tons of green pea Zita and 6.2 tons of Berkut and Rada. It should be noted that the late caltivars had great input during the first sowing time. When planting of peas on April 25, output declined in all grades from 4.8 tons to 3.9 tons.

CONCLUSIONS

The highest crop of peas in the Belgorod area you can receive in the field in the early periods regardless of the precocity of the grade. Berkut in the field in the early sowing time generates 5.4 t/ha harvest, whereas in the later time period of sowing it generated harvest 4.7 t/ha.

Table 5 - Yield of green peas (t / ha)

Cultivar	Sowing time	repeatability
Cultivar	Sowing time	2008	2009	2010	averageе	± to the standarрту
Berkut st.	April 15	6,2	6,2	3,9	5,4	-
Ariya		5,8	5,4	4	5,1	-0,4
Аrfa		5,6	4,6	4,2	4,8	-0,6
Оda		5,8	5,2	4,8	5,3	-0,2
Leya		6,1	5	4,1	5,1	-0,4
Rada		6,2	4	4,1	4,8	-0,7
Zita		5,5	5,3	5,2	5,3	-0,1
Аvola		5,9	5,3	4	5,1	-0,4
Berkut	April 25	5,9	4,8	3,5	4,7	-0,7
Аriya		4,7	4,1	4	4,3	-1,2
Аrfa		5	5,1	4,2	4,8	-0,7
Оda		5,1	4,2	3	4,1	-1,3
Leya		5,8	5,6	3,1	4,8	-0,6
Rada		5,7	4,9	3,8	4,8	-0,6
Zita		5,3	4,3	3,4	4,3	-1,1
Аvola		4,9	3,8	2,9	3,9	-1,6
НСР 05	0,77
НСР 05 А	0,54
НСР 05 В и АВ	0,27

For the successful cultivation of vegetable pea it’s necessary to sow different maturity groups adapted to the conditions of the Belgorod region, such as Aria, Oda, Leja, Zita. To get earlier products and to increase the green belt receipts peas for processing, planting should be done in the earliest times and you should continue sowing the best pea varieties of different maturity groups such as Aria, Oda, Leia, and Berkut. On the basis of variety study and time they developed a conveyor of product availability for the production of green peas for 30 days. The first delivery of products to Belgorod cannery began in early June and ended in early July. You can increase the duration of receipt of green peas for processing up to 30 days at planting these varieties more than 2 terms.

Список литературы The study of pea varieties of different maturity groups in the Belgorod area

Kondykov I.V. Morphological features of Russian and foreign varieties of peas/I.V.Kondykov, H.H. Kondykova etc. -Orel, 2006.-p.203-207
Cyganok N. S. About the varieties of peas for the vegetable processing enterprises/N.S.Cyganok//Vegetables of Russia, 2008. -№ 1-2.-P.75-78
Zhuravkova G.P. Primary and elite seed pea/G.P. Zhuravkova//Guidelines. -Upper Hawa, 2005, 27p

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