Theoretical foundations of the translation theory

Modern society is a combination of specific features, such as intolerance and tolerance, a policy of double standards, democracy and authoritarianism and so on. All these features can be considered in the processes of interaction of world powers. But no one can argue that such a combination arose relatively recently, in fact, throughout the history of mankind there have been difficulties in international relations. And it turns out that translation is not the last place in resolving or exacerbating complex issues.

Translation at the moment is the most necessary thing that is in demand in virtually all areas of communication and interaction between people: news, politics, economics, culture, etc. and of course, speaking of translation activities, it is also important to understand that there can be a lot of approaches and types of translation, as well as text. What defines our life as not information. News on TV, through newspapers and magazines, via the Internet and other resources. Today, a person’s life is his information field. On the one hand, innovative technologies are to blame for this, but on the other hand, far from all people depend on gadgets and the Internet, many create an information field based on what they read in newspapers and magazines.

Actually, throughout the history of writing, everything that was printed and published for general reading was used by the state to form a certain idea of a person about the world and people around it. Today, the media has taken on this responsibility. And of course, any publicist, journalist or writer will always strive to convey to his reader the main idea so that it is accessible to his understanding. This is the difference between the scientific and journalistic style.

But be that as it may, for each people there is a system that is not like the others, in accordance with which sentences are built, words are created and features such as approaches to the interpretation of a foreign language are formed. Any language has its own characteristics. On the one hand, this is expressed in the history of word formation in the language, and on the other, in the number of borrowed, outdated or new words. A feature of the translation is that, despite the necessary changes to the source text, it is perceived as a full replacement of the original. At the same time, receptors perceiving the translated text will consider it to be completely identical to the original text. However, such an identity is only a theoretically achievable translation ideal, impossible in translation practice.

Based on the foregoing, a number of provisions can be deduced that could confirm the fact that translation is an important component of everyday life: firstly, not being able to introduce the reader directly to himself, the author still addresses a specific target audience. After all, the circle of readers can also be divided into categories - business people and intellectuals, i.e. those who are interested in what is happening in the world. And housewives, pensioners, the unemployed - those who simply spend their free time studying any information. Thus, upon reaching the target audience, the title itself will speak and will be perceived precisely as a speech act; secondly, the correct formatting of the text also does its job, since initially it is necessary to attract the attention of the reader. Thus, the publication reaches the target audience, which will perceive the text that has already been formed in the subconscious of the reader, provided that the title is correctly formatted; thirdly, an emotional garter, it also has a number of features. It serves to attract attention, but at the same time it can contain jargon, speech turn, written not according to the rules of the sentence, etc., which makes the headline a living speech act.

In fact, the translation system for all turns of speech, as well as word formation, is approximately the same. It includes the most common methods: An analog, i.e. such a stable turnover, which in value is adequate to the original source, but in a figurative basis differs from it completely or partially. Descriptive translation i.e. translation by conveying the meaning of the original source with a free phrase. Descriptive translation is used when there are no equivalents or analogs in the translating language.

Anthony translation, i.e. passing negative values in the affirmative design or vice versa. Tracing. The tracing method is used in cases where the translator wants to highlight the figurative basis of phraseological units or phrases, or when the source cannot be translated using other types of translation. Combined translation. In those cases when the translating language has an analogue that does not fully convey the meaning of the source or has a different specific flavor of place and time, then a traced translation is given, and then a descriptive translation is made and an analogue is selected for comparison.

When translating, the translator must solve two problems: correctly understand the content of the statement (text) in the original language; fully and accurately convey this content by means of the language of translation. In translation practice, we most often encounter two types of translation: literal and literary (not to be confused with literary), or adequate. Literal translation - a blank or a blank that still needs to be processed, i.e. edit. A literal translation can suit a translator when, in a translated example, both languages have the same sentence structure, and words in one language have unambiguous correspondences in another, for example: Translations allocated on the basis of the nature and quality of the text of the translation of the text of the original: free (free) translation - reproducing the basic information of the original with possible deviations - additions, omissions, etc .; is carried out at the level of the text, therefore, the categories of equivalence of language units are irrelevant for it. Varieties: Interpretation - a type of translation based on the appeal to extra-linguistic activity, in contrast to the translation itself, carried out according to the given rules of the transition from means of expression belonging to one language system to means of expression belonging to another language system; adequate translation - corresponding to the original and expressing the same communicative attitudes as the original; exact (correct) translation - characterized by the property of semantic accuracy, i.e. semantically fully and correctly conveys the content plan of the original; authentic translation - a translation of an official document having the same legal force as the original; according to international law, the text of the contract can be developed and adopted in one language, but its authenticity is established in two or more languages; certified translation - a translation whose compliance with the original is legally confirmed.

Translation is a special type of speech activity and interlanguage communication: oral and written. Of course, you can also highlight other types of translation, which also play an important role in the implementation of translation activities, but the classification of translations, despite the fact that it has been developed for more than a century, does not have a single structure.

And of course, it is important to take into account the fact that the importance of translation today consists primarily in the fact that almost all people on the planet today need constant replenishment of information, and this implies the significant interest of all countries in the development of translation activities. In addition, human speech includes both simple and complex expressions, a number of which are fixed in their composition and have strong connections among themselves. Similar turns - phraseological units or translation units, various jargon or neologisms make certain difficulties for the normal work of translators. To this end, they are systematized, combined into dictionaries, but not a single dictionary of the world can keep up with the process of word formation, and therefore, speaking about the theory of translation, it is necessary first of all to take into account that it is this field of knowledge that allows us to systematize and subordinate the work with text to the rules, and therefore achieve the most adequate translation where difficulties arise.