Transformation of Economic Partnership Between the USA and China Amid Growing Geopolitical and Technological Rivalry

The economic partnership between the USA and China, which took shape in the late 20th century and expanded considerably in the early decades of the 21st century, is a key element in global trade and investment networks. Bilateral trade and foreign direct investment accelerated China’s industrialization and broadened the market for US companies. However, growing geopolitical tensions and intensified technological rivalry in recent years have led to a deterioration in bilateral relations, as reflected in mutual tariffs, restrictions on high-tech exports, and increased political frictions. Using statistical and content analysis, as well as a comparative approach, this study demonstrates that despite recurring crises, the overall economic interdependence between the USA and China remains substantial. Findings related to trade flows confirm a persistent mutual reliance: even with the imposition of tariffs and sanctions, neither country has drastically reduced its bilateral trade. At the same time, heightened competition for technological leadership is prompting both nations to strengthen their national strategies in areas such as artificial intelligence, green energy, and high-precision manufacturing. The research concludes that a new model of partnership is emerging, blending elements of collaboration and competition. This model is characterized by regional diversification of investments, a more selective trade policy, and a focus on strategically significant sectors. The results of this analysis are of practical value to academia, businesses, and government agencies aiming to minimize risks and identify potential growth opportunities amid global economic uncertainties.