The Transformation of Chinese Scientific and T echnical Cultural Thought (1860 2025): From the Use of Western Technologies to Independent Innovation.

Based on the three dimensional structure of “history system culture”, this article examines the transformation of the paradigm of Chinese scientific and technological culture from 1860 to 2025. China s scientific and technological culture has undergone a qualitative change from “system separation and application” to “system restructuring ”. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the development of science faced problems due to the political system. The flourishing of science during the Republic of China promoted the establishment of a scientific research system, but the war led to a serious lag. After the establishment of the PRC (1949), the model of “policy driven innovation” was formed. During the reform and opening up period, the country shifted to a market economy, financial investment in STI was increased, but the external dependence of core technologies remained. In the new era, China has built a new paradigm of digital civilization, achieved leadership in some fields, forming a modern Chinese sci- ence and technology cultural pattern. Since the implementation of the “One Belt, One Road” policy , China s S&T culture has strengthened ties with the world. China intends to pursue peaceful development through continuous scientific and technological innovation and bring the Chinese wisdom of “technology for good” to human civilization.