Transformation of Russia’s national innovation system in the context of global challenges: comparative analysis and ways of improvement

In the context of global technological changes and increasing de-globalization trends, effective state regulation of national innovation systems (NIS) becomes a key factor in ensuring economic sustainability and technological sovereignty. The article studies the problems of formation and management of NIS in Russia in comparison with foreign experience. The article examines the main models of innovation development (mixed, Euro-Atlantic, East Asian, “triple helix”), their adaptation in different countries, as well as the key elements of NIS: subjects of innovation activity, institutions and infrastructure. Domestic practices are analyzed and weaknesses are identified, including low innovation activity of business, regional disparities and insufficient R&D funding. Particular attention is paid to the comparative analysis of state regulation in the USA, Germany, Japan and Russia, which allowed to identify key differences in approaches to innovation support. Based on the study, recommendations for improving the Russian NIS are proposed, including strengthening the role of regions, developing cluster policy, stimulating cooperation between science and business, as well as attracting private investment in the innovation sphere.