Cross-border cooperation between Russia and the European Union

In recent years, much attention has been paid to cooperation on the border between Russia and the EU. Most studies point to the effectiveness of programs, high density of border institutions, and resilience to geopolitical risks, among other factors. These achievements can be explained by the theory of multi-level cooperation, which implies that diverse and multiple institutions of cooperation can effectively distinguish issues of high policy from practical issues concerning the interests of those living along external borders. The article discusses the program methods of cross-border cooperation and the spatial structure of cross-border relations.