Trasological Analysis of Stone Ornamentsof the Eneolithic Period from the Territoryof the Upper and Middle Kama Region

The article presents the results of a use-wear analysis of 25 stone jewelry that originate from two settlements of the Garinskaya culture of the Chalcolithic period. These sites are Chashkinskoye Ozero II, located in the Upper Kama region, and Bor I, located in the Middle Kama region. All the artifacts were made of serpentinite of various hardness and color. Through the analysis, it was possible to identify groups of post-position traces on stone jewelry (from being in the layer), traces of manufacture, decoration and disposal (wearing). The last-position traces include deformation of the surface of objects due to the attachment of secondary material to them such as sand grains. Traces of manufacturing are represented by abrasive processing (grinding), drilling, and finishing polishing. The decoration includes scraping or sawing the groove followed by polishing. Such a decorative element has not been previously noted on decorations from the territory of the Urals. The traces of disposal include smoothing the surface at the holes and the rounded edges of the inner parts of the holes located in various places. According to the location of the polishes and linear traces, the authors reconstructed the following methods of fastening jewelry: vertical, diagonal, horizontal, and multipath. Since the finds of these objects in most settlements of the Garinskaya culture are isolated and often have signs of breakage (usually in the area of the hole), it is difficult to determine which element of the costume the studied jewelry was attached to. In this regard, the authors set the task to conduct a use-wear and experiment study on the production and wearing of stone jewelry.