State Identity and its Reflection in Russian Legislation

The human genomic triad refers to the presence in every human somatic cell of a small, maternally inherited mitochondrial genome, as well as two nuclear genomes, inherited from the father and mother. Men carry distinct sex chromosomes, Y and X, in their two genomes. Women also have two distinct nuclear genomes with X sex chromosomes, one inherited from the mother and one from the father. Currently, the state-of-the-art in genome research, including forensic applications, is the sequencing and assembly of the diploid genome by haplotypes (two genomes). This is crucial, primarily for DNA phenotyping, which is a valuable complement to other approaches used for DNA identification in criminal investigations. Moreover, the role of DNA phenotyping after the start of universal DNA population registration (which will happen sooner or later) will diminish over time, but will not disappear completely, as the remains of people who have not yet undergone such DNA registration may still be present. The ethical issues raised in connection with both DNA registration and DNA phenotyping are largely imaginary.