Labor, its evolution and perspectives

The article is devoted to the methods of studying labor, theory and praxis of its regulation in the period of the foundation and development of industrial society and in the medium-term perspective. From the point of the methodology of studying labor, it is very important to use analysis of the institutional regulation of working time, workplace, scope of wage labor, socio-economic aspects of modern employment and social security. These aspects are presented in the programmes of action aimed at providing workers with legal and procedural means to escape poverty, indignity, discrimination, ensuring that all people have access to relevant education and skills training, safe and productive employment options. Today labor regimes are becoming more flexible, workplaces are increasingly moved outside the territories controlled by employers, the scope of wage labor is getting reduced. Social security is the basic protection form ensuring access to health care and guarantying income security in case of old age, unemployment, sickness, invalidity, work injury, maternity or loss of a breadwinner. Today Russia is reviewing further the social security schemes in order to make them more financially viable and sustainable in the present socio-economic environment. Reform of the national pension schemes is a major issue in this field. Efforts to improve benefits are constrained by the existence of large sectors of informal employment. Safe working conditions are a basic human right and a fundamental part of decent work. The need for improvement of working conditions and proper industrial injury compensation becomes increasingly significant. The article presents a new approach to analysis of labor: basic methodology for regulation of work, improvement of social security mechanisms, budgetary policies of the state, safety of work and health of workers.