Turn of an elastic-plastic rod under pressure that varies linearly along the forming

This paper utilizes conservation laws for differential equations. Their use allows us to reduce the determination of stress tensor components at each point to a contour integral over the boundary of the region under consideration, thereby enabling the construction of an elastic-plastic boundary. This boundary is assumed to be piece-wise smooth.

Due to their practical importance, elastoplastic problems have long been studied by mechanics. The main problem that arises when solving such problems is determining the elastoplastic boundary. The plasticity condition imposes an additional constraint, and this, according to G. P. Cherepanov [1], simplifies the problem. On the other hand, a new unknown arises: the elastoplastic boundary, which complicates the solution.

Currently, solving elastic-plastic problems continues to be a focus of research. New analytical approaches to their solution are emerging, and numerical methods are being refined. Here we briefly review such research. In [2], conservation laws are used to solve the torsion problem of an elastic-plastic rod reinforced with elastic fibers. Conservation laws are used to solve the problem. In [3] an elasticplastic box beam is considered, which is bent by a transverse force. It is assumed that the deformations in the rod are elastic-plastic and its lateral surface is stress-free. The center of gravity of the crosssection does not coincide with the point of application of the force. Using conservation laws, an exact solution is constructed describing the stress state of this structure. It is calculated at each point of the figure under consideration using integrals over the external contours of the cross-section. In [4], the elastoplastic torsion of a multilayer rod consisting of several layers is investigated. The elastic properties of the layers vary, but the plasticity coefficient is the same for all layers. The article constructs conservation laws that allow the calculation of stress tensor components using contour integrals along the layer boundaries. In [5], the elastic-plastic torsion of an anisotropic three-layer cylindrical rod of non-circular cross-section is considered. The inner layer of the rod is in an elastic-plastic state, the two outer layers are completely plastic. Plastic anisotropy is assumed. The anisotropy parameters of each layer are different. In [6], a solution to the problem of determining the elastic-plastic state of a heavy space weakened by an elliptical hole is considered. The material of the medium exhibits anisotropic properties. The problem was solved using the small parameter method. Torsion of a two-layer boxsection rod is considered in [7]. In [8], the stress-strain state of the binder of composite materials is calculated using numerical methods. Delamination of steel pipes under complex loading is modeled in

[9]. An elastoplastic analysis of a circular pipe turned inside out is carried out in [10]. In [11], the influence of the type of plane problem for an elastoplastic adhesive layer on the value of the J -integrals is studied. In [12], within the framework of a single model of large elastoplastic deformations, the non-stationary dynamics of a medium not associated with additional accumulation of plastic deformations to those already present is considered. It has been shown that, in the general case, each elastic wave can be accompanied by an abrupt rotation of plastic deformations. In [13], the process of producing irreversible deformations in a rotating cylinder made of a material with elastic, viscous, and plastic properties was studied.

Statement of the problem

There is an elastic-plastic rod of constant cross-section, which is subjected to linear hydrostatic pressure and a pair of forces that twist it around a central axis coinciding with the oz axis.

We assume that the following conditions are met о = -^ z + C, о = —X z + C, о = —X z + C, т = 0, x                 y                 zxy

Txz = U (X, y), Txz = U(X, y), Tyz = V(X, y).(1)

In this case, the equations describing elastic deformation in the stationary case have the form

Ur + Vr = X, vr — uv =—2a. xyxy

System (2) consists of the equilibrium equation and the compatibility equation of elastic deformations.

In the plastic region the system has the form ux + vy = X, u2 + v2 = k2.(3)

Here ^о x ^{, о} y ^{, о} z ^{, T} xy ^{, T} xz ^{, T} yz are components of the stress tensor ; ^X , ^a = G 9 , k are constants; G is a modulus of elasticity, &  is a torsion angle, k is a plasticity constant equal to the yield strength under pure shear.

It is assumed that the lateral surface of the rod is free from stress and is in a plastic state, therefore system (1) should be solved with the following boundary conditions un1 + vn 2| L = 0,   u 2 + v2 = k 2.

Here ⁿ 1 ^{, n} 2 are components of the outward normal vector to a piecewise smooth outer contour L bounding a finite region ^{S .}

Comment 1. If ^a = °, the problem (4) for the system of equations(2) coincides with the problem up to the notation [1]. In [1] it is shown that in this case for problem (2)–(4) the solution exists and is unique if the rod has an oval cross-section and ^{— 1} / ^X >  k / GR min , where ^R min is minimum radius of curvature of a curve L .

Comment 2. The case ^X = °, ^a ^ ° corresponding the classical one of elastic-plastic torsion will not be considered. It is considered in [1].

For convenience, we write equations (2) in the form

F = u + v — X = 0, F = — u + v + 2a = 0, 1xy     2 yx

we will solve the boundary value problem (2), (4) using conservation laws.

Conservation laws of an equations system (2)

Definition. The conservation law for the system of equations (2) is an expression of the form

A x + B y =ω 1 F 1 +ω 2 F 2 ,

where ω ₁ , ω ₂ are linear differential operators that are not simultaneously identically equal to zero .

A =α ¹ u +β ¹ v +γ ¹, B =α ² u +β ² v +γ ²,                         (7)

α ^1, β ^1, γ ^1, α ^2, β ^2, γ ² are some smooth functions depending only on x , y .

Comment 3. A more general definition of the conservation law, suitable for arbitrary systems of equations, can be found in [14].

From (6) taking in consideration (7) we have

α ¹ u +α ¹ u +β ¹ v +β ¹ v +γ ¹ +α ² u +α ² u +β ² v +β ² v +γ ² = x   x x   x xy   yy   yy

= ω1 (ux + vy - λ) + ω2 (-uy + vx + 2α).

It follows from (8) that

α ¹ _x +α ² _y = 0,   β ¹ _x +β ² _y = 0, α ¹ =ω ₁, β ¹ =ω ₂, α ² =-ω ₂, β ² =ω ₁, γ ¹ _x +γ ² _y = -λω ₁ + 2 αω ₂.

From here it follows that

α1 =β2, α2 = -β1.(9)

Hence

α1x-β1y =0, α1y+β1x =0, γ1x+ γ2y = -λα1+2αβ1.(10)

From the given formulas it follows that the system of equations (2) admits an infinite number of conservation laws; below only those will be given that allow us to solve the given problem.

Сохраняющийся ток имеет вид

A = α ¹ u +β ¹ v +γ ¹, B = -β ¹ u +α ¹ v +γ ².

From (6) using Green's formula we obtain

Ц ( A x + B y ) dxdy = tj - Ady + Bdx = 0,

SL where S is a domain bounded by curve L.

Solution of problem (2), (4)

To find the values ^{u , v} inside the region S, it is necessary to construct solutions of system (10) that have singularities at an arbitrary point ^{( x} 0 ^{, y} 0 ^{) ∈ S} .

The first of these solutions is

α 1 ₌        x - x _{0          β} 1 ₌ y - y ₀

( x - x ₀)² + ( y - y ₀)^{2 ,}       ( x - x ₀)² + ( y - y ₀)^{2 ,}

γ ¹ = 2 α         ^{y - y 0}        dx = 2 α arctg ^{x - x 0} ,

( x - x 0 )² + ( y - y 0 )²                y - y 0

γ ² =-λ ∫

x - x ₀

22 ( x - x ₀)² + ( y - y ₀)²

dy = -λ arctg ^{y - y 0} x - x ₀

At a point ^{( x} 0 ^{, y} 0 ^{) ∈ S} the functions α ^1, β ¹ have singularities, so we surround this point with a circle

ε : ( x - x ₀)² + ( y - y ₀)² = ε ².

Then from formula (11) we obtain

- Ady + Bdx +< j - Ady + Bdx = 0, L ε

we will calculate the last integral in formula (13). We have

4 - Ady + Bdx = (-----u (x - x°)    2'⁽y - y°)    2 + Y1) dy +

_{ε                ε} ( x - x ₀) + ( x - x ₀)    ( x - x ₀) + ( x - x ₀)

-       u ⁽ y ^- y 0 )

[ ( x - x ° )² + ( y - y ° )²

v ( x - x ₀) ( x - x ₀)² + ( y - y ₀)²

Л

+ γ ² dx .

J

We interpolate new coordinates ^{x - x} 0 ⁼ ε ^{cos ϕ , y - y} 0 ⁼ ε ^{sin ϕ} . We have

2 π

4 - Ady + Bdx = j [ - ( u cos ф + v sin ф )cos ф- ( u sin ф + v cos ф ) s in ф ] d ф =

ε

2π j udф = -2пu(x°,y°).

The last equality is obtained by the mean value theorem for ε ^{→ 0} .

To finally construct the solution, we will find the values ^{u , v} on the boundary L . From formula (13) we obtain

2 n u ( x ° , y ° ) — 4 —(— a n 2 + в П 1 + Y ) dy + ( в n 2 + a n i + Y ) dx ■ L

We take the second solution of the equations system (10) in the form

1           y - y ₀             1             x - x ₀

α =         _{2          2}, β =-         _{2          2},

( x - x ₀) + ( y - y ₀)           ( x - x ₀) + ( y - y ₀)

γ ¹ =-λ ^{y - y 0}        dx =-λ arctg ^{x - x 0} ,

( x - x ₀)² + ( y - y ₀)²                y - y 0

Y ² — - 2 a j x—x °-----2 dy — - 2 a arctg ———.

( x - x ₀) + ( y - y ₀)                   x - x ₀

Having carried out calculations similar to those carried out with solution (12), we obtain

2 n v ( x ° , y ° ) — 4 - ( -a ¹ n ₂ + в 1 n 1 + Y 1 ) dy + ( P 1 n ₂ + a ¹ n 1 + y 2 ) dx .

L

Conclusion

In this paper, conservation laws are constructed for the system of equations (2) describing the torsion of an elastic-plastic rod under the action of pressure that varies linearly along the generatrix. Using the constructed conservation laws, the components of the stress tensor were found σ xz ^, σ yz accord-

ing to formulas (15) and (17), which allow us to determine the elastic-plastic boundary in the rod under consideration.