Typological contrasts of the Russian and Uzbek languages in the methodological aspect

Methodological directions of studying the grammatical structure of the Uzbek and Russian languages (including in a comparative aspect) in Uzbekistan have long traditions and are currently being actively developed, a large number of manuals on this subject are published.

However, a common drawback of most of these publications, from our point of view, is the lack of attention to typological contrasts of the grammatical systems of the Uzbek and Russian languages, namely, they create “problem” areas of learning these languages. In dissertations on this topic, methodological aspects of mastering lexical groups in the specialty of training (railway, medical vocabulary, vocabulary of information technology, etc.) are most often developed.

However, such monographic studies, as a rule, do not take into account the "supremacy" of vocabulary in relation to the formation of lexical paradigms, as well as in relation to word formation (this is an aspect that is clearly not sufficiently developed in comparative terms). In our opinion, Yu.N. Karaulov correctly defined the relationship between vocabulary and grammar: “For the speaker, there is no separate vocabulary and no grammar with its rules. Both types of knowledge of the speaker are merged in a unity characterized by interpenetration, syncretism of grammar and vocabulary, the basis of which his speech activity is performed, and which not only allows, but necessarily involves constant variation, fluctuation, pulsation”.

Therefore, the identification of contrasts of lexical systems is necessary for the Russian and Uzbek languages, it is necessary to begin, in our opinion, with the identification of contrasts of grammatical systems (in this case, substantive). As you know, the grammatical structure of the Slavic and Turkic languages are a number of features of the surface and deep allomorphism. This fully applies to the Russian and Uzbek languages, which determines a number of difficulties in teaching both the Russian language in the Uzbek audience and the Uzbek language in the Russian audience. It is well known that a correctly selected theoretical base significantly increases the effectiveness of theoretical developments, therefore, in this article we attempt to give a brief overview of typological contrasts of the grammatical systems of the Russian and Uzbek languages. The problem of assimilation of one or another grammatical material can be connected with the absence of one or another grammatical category (GK)

in the native language, as well as with the fundamentally different construction of the GK of the same name in the native language. We list the most problematic topics for Uzbek students to master Russian morphology.

• 1.    Grammatical categories of gender and animation, giving a projection on the syntactic norms of coordination, which is associated with a high percentage of speech errors of Uzbek students. The idiomatic for Uzbek students is often the middle gender, which does not find support in the category of non-face Uzbek language, which is associated with the difficulty of mastering impersonal sentences of the Russian language. For the same reason, there are numerous errors in reconciling inanimate nouns with adjectives or past tense verbs, for example: small radish, the computer did not work.

• 2.    The category of case due to inflectional expression, the multiplicity of declension of nouns in the Russian language against the background of strictly unambiguous expression of case values by a limited set of affixes in the Uzbek language, as well as the multiplicity of communication management in Russian.

• 3.    Grammatical categories of type and voice, their semantics and formal expression. The category of the species, as well as the category of the genus, is absent in the Uzbek language, which makes it difficult for Uzbek students to master them, and the need to pay special attention to them in the learning process. However, the presence of the category of pledge in the Uzbek language, perhaps, does not simplify the assimilation by the Uzbek audience of the Russian category of the same name, since in each language the expression of subject-object relations receives a different “arrangement”. For Uzbek students, the difficulty is the use of a postfix –ся (as well as many Russian prefixes), for Russians - the consistent use of the compulsory voice of the Uzbek language.

• 4.    A complex system of the participles of the Russian language, since the participles of the Uzbek language are more of the same type.

• 5.    The variability of forms of comparative degree in the Russian language.

• 6.    The category of completeness / brevity is specific to the Uzbek language: beautiful - beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, etc. The most important in the chosen aspect of the study is the “set” of grammatical categories specific to a particular language. The very presence or absence of certain GCs is a vivid typological characteristic of this language and in many respects determines the

Note that the interaction of the form and the voice in the Russian language determines the multiplicity of word-formation categories of verbs. “In the formation of word-formation categories, type and pledge always act together, however, in relation to one SK, the impact of the category of the type is stronger, in relation to others - pledge. In the zone of predominant action of the species are word-building categories "spatial modification of the action"; "Multiplicity of action"; "Intensity of action"; "Temporary limited action"; "Effectiveness of action. " In the zone of predominant action of the pledge - word-formation categories of IC “behavior”, “formation”, “causation”. In the Uzbek language, the verb is characterized by only two word-formation categories: "formation" and "causation"

specifics of the organization of its lexical composition.

It is essential that the nouns of the Russian language have grammatical categories of gender, number, case, animations-inanimate, and the nouns of the Uzbek language have categories of numbers, case, affiliation, certaintyindefiniteness and non-face. The most contrasting languages in Russian and Uzbek are categories of genus and non-face, which largely determine the specifics of the lexical and word-formation systems of these languages. “From the point of view of the theory of nomination it is very significant, for example, does the semantic attribute “gender”, reflected in the grammatical category of gender and wordformation category of femininity, be included in the name of the person, as in Russian, is it emphasized or neutralized. It is in grammatical differences very significant, in our opinion, differences of language pictures of the world of Russian and Uzbek languages are manifested”.

However, it should be emphasized that, despite the contingency and correlation of the semiotic signs “gender-gender” in the Russian language, the ratio of nominations of men to women is far from always symmetrical, especially in the field of designating persons by profession, occupation, rank, degree ( accountant, conductor, lawyer, philologist, graduate student, doctor, etc.). As you know, in the Uzbek language, due to a clear distinction between face-non-faces, the names of animals correspond grammatically to the names of specific objects, as well as babies (answer the question of neem? - what?).

This creates an idiomatic lexico-grammatical zone for Russians studying the Uzbek language, so in the manuals this section should be given some attention. The peculiarity of the adjectives of the Russian language is revealed by comparison with the adjectives of the Turkic languages, in particular, the Uzbek language. On the one hand, the categorical semantics of the adjectives of the Russian and Uzbek languages and its division into LSHs coincide in many respects, which is manifested, in particular, in antonymic pairs.

Thus, we are convinced that in textbooks and manuals comparing Uzbek and Russian grammar, vocabulary, word formation, one of the methodological “pivots” should be typological contrasts of grammar systems. Of course, it is not necessary to saturate the manuals with complex theoretical material, but the system of exercises, recommendations, test tasks, etc. should be compiled with these contrasts in order to overcome the difficulties of mastering the material associated with them.