Smart packaging: integration of It and sensors for food quality control

The article discusses modern approaches to the development and application of smart packaging for food products, which integrates sensor technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT). While conventional packaging provides only mechanical protection, smart packaging enables monitoring of the actual condition of products at all stages of production and logistics. Examples of sensors used in such systems are presented, including gas indicators (O₂, CO₂, NH₃, H₂S), temperature and humidity sensors, RFID/NFC tags, as well as wireless communication protocols (BLE, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT). Particular attention is given to the integration of chemical and biosensors capable of detecting pathogens and decomposition metabolites. Industrial case studies are reviewed, such as NFC tags for spinach freshness monitoring, the Wiliot IoT platform, and Sealed Air’s QR code solutions, along with prospects for nanomaterials and biodegradable composites. Issues of data security, energy efficiency, standardization, and electronics disposal are analyzed. It is noted that despite high costs and integration challenges, smart packaging has considerable potential to enhance supply chain transparency, extend shelf life, reduce food waste, and improve consumer engagement. Promising directions include the development of energy-autonomous sensors, unification of data exchange standards, and integration with artificial intelligence and blockchain platforms.