The yield of winter wheat varieties depending on methods of cultivation in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic

Due to the unstable overwintering from year to year, the winter wheat in the Udmurt Republic is a risky crop. One of the decisive factors in its safe overwintering is the optimal term of sowing. Due to the general climate warming in the region, the increase the period of the autumn growing season of plants the adjustment terms of its sowing is actual. Entering of mineral fertilizers can increase the overwintering and yield of winter wheat. It is necessary to study the effect of different terms of their entering on these parameters. Field studies were carried out in the Udmurt Agricultural Research Institute in 2013 and 2014. The objects of research were winter wheat varieties: Moskovskaya 39 (control) Italmas, Mera; terms of sowing: August 23-25 (control), August 28-30, September 3-5, September 8-10; term of application mineral fertilizers: N15P15K15 (autumn) - control, N15P15K15 (autumn) + N30P30K30 (spring). The best overwintering noted at the variety Mera, an average for two years of studies it was 64%. This provided the highest yield - 3.13 t/ha, which was significantly (by 0.64 t/ha) higher than at variety Moskovskaya 39 (2.49 t/ha). The yield of variety Italmas (2.66 t/ha) was at the control level. When sowing in the first and second term, overwintering of studied varieties ranged 66-71%, the yield of winter wheat on average in this terms was - 3.37 and 3.33 t/ha. The delay with the sowing (the third and fourth term) reduces overwintering by 8 and 21%, crop yield - by 0.44 and 1.96 t/ha. The application of mineral fertilizers in dose N30P30K30 (“azofoska”) after the snow, by spreading way had no effect on the yield of winter wheat, it amounted to 2.79 t/ha, which is the level of control.